The Civil War

1. The Civil War SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

2. WHAT’S IN A NAME? • Civil War • The War Between The States • War of the Rebellion • War for Southern Independence • War of Northern Aggression

3. THE WAR BEGINS • March 1861 – Charleston South Carolina • The US continues to keep military forces even though the State seceded three months earlier • After three confederate demands to withdraw, on April 12, 1861 Confederate forces opened fire onFort Sumter • Three days later Union surrenders

4. THE WAR BEGINS cont • The Confederate State rejoice over their victory at Ft. Sumter • The South believes that Lincoln will back down and the War would soon be over • President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to enlist for three months to put down rebellion • Within a month he calls for 500,000 who will volunteer for 3 years

5. THE WAR BEGINS cont • Lincoln calls for a naval blockade of the south, preventing ships from entering or leaving the southern ports • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee join the Confederacy • Richmond Virginia becomes the capital of the Confederacy

6. Blockade of Georgia’s Coast • Many of Georgia’s ports were blocked throughout the War – including Darien and Brunswick • Savannah was GA’s biggest port – one of the most important cities in Confederacy • Fort Pulaski protected the city • April, 1862 – Union bombarded fort and Savannah fell under blockade • http://www.cherokeerose.com/index.html#Blockade - use this site to view maps and pictures of sites, including Fort Pulaski

7. BORDER STATES • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri stayed with the Union, even though they were slave states • In 1863 the no slaveholding counties of western Virginia seceded from Virginia and joined the Union as the new state of West Virginia

8. Attitudes About The Conflict • Southerners believed that the people in the North would not want to fight and wouldn’t support Lincoln • Northerners felt their they held a huge advantage in resources and that the South would be quickly defeated • Both sides underestimated their enemies resolve • The war lasted four long years at the cost of over 600,000 lives and 400,000 wounded

9. Comparing Regional Resources • North had more people • North had more factories better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealth • South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence

10. Attitudes About The Conflict • Both sides sent their young men off to battle with the music and cheering crowds • Soon there were not enough volunteers and both the North and the South instituted the DRAFT ( a law requiring civilians to join the army) • Governor Brown of GA. Strongly opposed the Confederate draft

11. Georgia “Heart of the Confederacy • By October 1861, more than 25,000 citizens of Georgia had volunteered • They were ill equipped as there weren't enough weapons, uniforms and supplies • Arsenals – facilities where weapons and ammunition are manufacture or stored -were built in Augusta, Atlanta, Savannah, Macon and Columbus

12. Georgia “Heart of the Confederacy” • Georgia was the Confederacy’s most important sources of supplies • Farmers switched from growing cotton to raising corn and other food • Georgia had more industry than any other southern state and supplied military equipment to the cause • Small operations turned out uniforms, shoes, bandages & other supplies

13. Georgia – “Heart of the Confederacy • Georgia’s 1,400 miles of railroad was the best system in the deep South • Atlanta as the hub of the railroad system was important in supplying & transporting troops • Georgia became a target of Sherman, as its destruction would be fatal to the Confederate cause

14. CIVIL WAR LIFE IN GA • Life in Georgia during the war • The first two years most of the fighting occurred elsewhere • The naval blockade did effect the economy despite the success of some blockade runners • People faced food shortages and high prices

15. CIVIL WAR LIFE IN GA • By the spring of 1862 Union forces captured all of Georgia’s coastalislands, runaway slaves settled on these islands

16. WHO SERVED??? • SOUTH • March 6, 1861 Confederate government authorized army of 100,000 • In the beginning many volunteered-200,000 were turned away for lack of weapons & supplies • Spring of 1862 difficult to find volunteers, soldiers writing home “stay out”

17. WHO SERVED??? Cont. • April 1862 Conscription Act – draft citizens required to serve, 1st draft in American history • Started at age 18-35 for min. of 3yrs • Later increased from 17-50 • People could pay a fee & get out of draft

18. WHO SERVED??? Cont Exemptions in South • RR employees, telegraph operators, miners • 20 Slave exemption for every 20 slaves 1 white man exempted • Some believed that the Civil War had become “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”

19. WHO SERVED??? Cont • NORTH • In the North 500,000 volunteers were requested • Many rushed to join, but numbers began to slow • March 3, 1863 U.S. Congress passed a draft law

20. WHO SERVED??? Cont • Exemptions In North • Illness • Only person taking care of widow, child or other dependent • A man could avoid service by providing a substitute or paying a fee of $300 • Blacks (not considered citizens, remember the Dred Scott case)

21. WHO SERVED??? Cont • Draft Riots in New York City • Summer 1863 – protestors demonstrated against the draft, shouting “down with the rich” and attacking Blacks • WOMEN IN THE CIVIL WAR • Woman took over running the farms and plantation and cared for wounded soldiers • They also served as surgeon, spies and soldiers • Many women disguised themselves as boys and fought in the war

22. WHO SERVED??? Cont • WOMEN IN THE CIVIL WAR • Woman took over running the farms and plantation and cared for wounded soldiers • They also served as surgeon,(Dr. Mary Walker) spies (Emmeline Piggott) and soldiers (Sarah Wakeman, aka Private Lyons Wakeman) • Many women disguised themselves as boys and fought in the war

23. WHO SERVED??? Cont • Black Troops • Runaway slaves from the Sea Islands volunteered in the Union Army forming the 1st – 5th South Carolina Volunteers part of the 21st United States Colored Troops • 54th Massachusetts Colored Volunteers was the first “Negro” regiment to fight in battle, proving that African Americans could be brave soldiers

24. WHO SERVED??? Cont • CHILDREN • Children as young as 14 served in both the North and south • Over 300 soldiers were 13 or younger

25. MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR • 1ST major battle (1861) – VA’S Battle of Manassas near Bull Run Creek & Confederate forces won, stunning the North • South became overconfident • North buckled down

26. MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR • Battle of Antietamin Maryland (1862) – bloodiest single day of the war (12 hours) • Union victorious • Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation – freed slaves in the Confederate states • North now fighting to preserve Union & to free slaves

27. MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR • Battle of Gettysburg(1863) fought in Pennsylvania • Northernmost point reached by South • Southern victory would encourage involvement of other countries • Lasted 3 days – Union won • Fate of the Confederacy sealed

28. MAJOR BATTLES OF THE WAR • Battle of Chickamauga(1863) in GA • South forced North to retreat • South left Union troops alone - Union sends more troops & recaptures area • Battle of Atlanta(1864) • Lasted about 2 months • Gen. Hood left & Gen. Sherman moved in • Sherman set fire to ATL & began “March to the Sea”

29. SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA • Marched from ATL to Savannah • Destroyed military targets & railroads • Sherman gave Savannah to Lincoln for Christmas • Confederacy could not recover loss of GA • April 9,1865 at Appomattox Court House in VA, Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

30. SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA • On June 27, 1827 Sherman tried to attack Johnston head on at Kennesaw Mountain 3,000 federal troops were killed and only 500 Confederates lost their lives • Johnston fell back anyway digging trenches to defend Atlanta • Johnston was replaced by General Hood • Sherman attacked the City for 40 days

31. SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA • Hood destroyed everything of value and the Mayor surrendered the City on September 2nd • On November 15th the city was destroyed • The March to the sea began the next day • Sherman's army left destruction in their wake, destroying $100 million worth of food and resources

32. SHERMANS MARCH TO THE SEA • Sherman reached Savannah on December 21, 1864, offering the City of Savannah as a Christmas present to President Lincoln, • The Confederacy could not recover the loss of Georgia • On April 9,1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant

33. Prisoner of War Camps • Andersonville Prison near Americus GA was originally built to house 10,000 prisoners • The camp’s population swelled to more than 33,000 Union Prisoners • Conditions were horrible – almost 13,000 Union soldiers died • Captain Wirz, commander of the prison, was hung for war crimes, although evidence exists that he did what he could to improve conditions

34. Andersonville Prison • http://www.civilwarhistory.com/andersonville/anderson.htm

35. Prisoner of War Camps • Elmira Prison in upstate NY also had large death rates • Not enough food; poor medical conditions; exposure to cold • 25% of Confederate prisoners at Elmira died