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Chapter 33

Chapter 33. Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence. MM. The Challenges of Independence. Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries Bangladesh violence & African negligence of the people.

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Chapter 33

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  1. Chapter 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence MM

  2. The Challenges of Independence • Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries • Bangladesh violence & African negligence of the people • Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warring • eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts • - Big African boost BUT AIDS & production • - Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil. • colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support

  3. The Challenges of Independence • POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status • - Previous high mortality rates • migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed • become political menace w/ riots • severe division of rich and slums • environmental issues

  4. The Challenges of Independence constitutions with women rights & little action Women leaders had connections to men (Corazon Aquino & IndiraGhandi) - Young marriage & child bearing -> less education - religion and traditions hold back women

  5. The Challenges of Independence • Funding for industrialization scarce • Dependence on a few primary products for international trade • - leaders blame neocolonial economy • Corrupt gov and lack of reforms • -> international assistance

  6. Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice • Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry • - Leftist ideas (support from Soviets) • Dictator rule through Convention People’s party • Seem like Confucius and Muhammad • 1966 was deposed by coup while in Vietnam • Harsh military regimes • Uganda • Myanmar • Egyptian radical movement • Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal Abdul Nasser • allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift & reforms (middle class and peasant)

  7. Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over Suez Revolution: all political parties disbanded Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans) against Arab nation and for Suez Failed: land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel 1967 - Stalemate with Sadat

  8. Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • 1979 religious revolution to promote old ways globally in Iran • claimed to be divinely inspired • had not been westernized or colonized • Shah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation • Economic slump and angered middle class • Saddam Hussein takes over • India: secular democratic views & industrial society • - ^^ literacy, family planning, development , technology • Nehru and Congress party most power • Opposing parties locally strong

  9. Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice • White ruled South Africa: largest and richest , still colonially dominated • 1960 independence • homelands set up for tribal blacks • Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela • still rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas • African National congress: illigal • African leaders sent to prisons • - others (Steve Biko) murdered • protests named “communist inspired” • F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid

  10. South African 2011 black/white ratio

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