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Chapter One

Chapter One. Day one. Essential Questions. What is psychology? What types of work do psychologists do? What types of things do psychologists study? Why is it important to study psychology?. What is psychology?. Greek words: Psyche: “mind or soul” Logos: study of

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Chapter One

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  1. Chapter One Day one

  2. Essential Questions • What is psychology? • What types of work do psychologists do? • What types of things do psychologists study? • Why is it important to study psychology?

  3. What is psychology? • Greek words: • Psyche: “mind or soul” • Logos: study of • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes • Any action that other people can observe or measure • Cognitive activities like dreams, perceptions, thoughts, memories, emotions, and feelings • So…is psychology just common sense and therefore EVERYONE is a psychologist?

  4. Goals of Psychology • Observe and describe behavior and mental processes to better understand them • A better understanding of behavior enables psychologists to explain, predict, and control behavior (Not control like puppets on a string, but to help people make their own decisions…ex: sport psychologists can help enhance athletic performance.)

  5. Psychology is a Science

  6. Psychology tests ideas through research • Surveys: asking questions from various groups • Experimentation / Scientific Process (Ch. 2) • Hypothesis • Manipulate variables • Study outcomes

  7. Psychologists organize ideas about behaviors into theories • Theories are statements that attempt to explain why things are the way that they are and happen the way that they do • Theories allow psychologists to predict behavior • Thus far, what do you think is the main VALUE of psychology?

  8. Parapsychology: Psychology or Not?http://www.howcast.com/videos/500930-What-Is-ESP-Extrasensory-Perception-Psychic-Abilities Parapsychology…ESP (Extrasensory Perception) Four forms: • Precognition: the ability to know about events before they occur • Psychokinesis: the ability to make objects move by thinking of them as moving • Telepathy: the direct transmission of thoughts or ideas from person to person without anything being spoken or written down • Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive objects that are out of the range of human senses

  9. Examine Look at page 2 in your textbook. What kinds of questions do you think a psychologist would ask about this girl?

  10. Chapter One Day Two

  11. Warm-up • What movies have you seen or what books have you read that have professional psychologists as characters? • What kinds of work did these psychologists do? • What areas did they specialize in? • Was this a realistic characterization?

  12. Clinical Psychologists in the Movies • Dr. Macguire “Good Will Hunting” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvvx-0G7XHc • “Dressed to Kill” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qHuiCLkYHc

  13. Other psychologists in movies • Child Psychology: Bruce Willis • The Sixth Sense http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsNjQhyvRnU • Forensic Psychology: Morgan Freeman • Along Came a Spider • Kiss the Girls http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpxdbtnTXXY

  14. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Psychiatrists: doctors who deal with psychological problems and can prescribe medication • Clinical Psychologists: • Make up 40% of all psychologists • Help people with psychological problems like anxiety, depression, severe disorders, drug abuse, weight control • Use interviews and psychological tests

  15. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Counseling Psychologists: • Typically treat people who have adjustment problems rather than serious psychological illnesses • Decisions about careers, friends, difficulties with families, teachers, employees, colleagues • Help clarify goals and meet challenges • Employed by businesses, colleges, testing centers

  16. Different Kinds of Psychologists • School Psychologists • Identify students who have problems that interfere with learning • Peer group and family problems • Learning disorders • Talk to parents and teachers • Administer tests • Observe in the classroom • Make recommendations regarding possible special placement

  17. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Educational Psychologists • Concerned with helping students learn • Generally focus on course planning and instructional methods for an entire school system • Concerned with theoretical issues like how learning is affected by psychological factors, cultural factors, economic factors, instructional methods • Help prepare standardized tests

  18. Different Kinds of Psychologists 6. Developmental Psychologists - Studies changes that occur throughout the lifespan - Physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes - attempt to sort out relative influences of heredity and environment on development

  19. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Personality Psychologists • Study traits and characteristics of people • Study development of these traits • Study the development of psychological disorders • Study issues like anxiety, aggression and gender roles

  20. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Social Psychologists • Concerned with people’s behavior in social situations • Concerned with the way men and women behave in a given setting • How do people conform to group standards • How does behavior change in groups

  21. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Experimental psychologists • Conduct research into basic processes • Things like motivation, memory, sensation, learning

  22. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Industrial and Organizational Psychologists: study people in their work environment and discover methods to improve productivity • Environmental Psychologists: study the effects of environment on behavior (crowding, pollution, isolation) • Consumer Psychologists: study shopping and buying behavior

  23. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Forensic Psychologists: work in the court system and with police to try to explain behavior and train professionals • Health Psychologists: study how behavior is related to physical health and well being • Mathematical Psychologists: use mathematical and computer models to predict behavior

  24. Different Kinds of Psychologists • Psychopharmacologists: study the impact of drugs on behavior • Clinical Neuropsychology: study the biological bases of abnormal behavior

  25. History of Psychology • This could be a course all by itself! • Textbook pages 12 and 13

  26. Early Current Perspectives • Socrates: “Know Thyself” • Structuralism – William Wundt • Functionalism – William James • Watson • Skinner • Freud

  27. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt • Concerned with discovering basic elements of conscious experience • 2 categories • Objective sensations: sight, sound, taste all reflections of the outside world • Subjective feelings: emotional responses, mental images

  28. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt • The human mind combines both objective sensations and subjective feelings of experience • EXPERIENCE gave you all that you are • Examine your thoughts and feelings through introspection: looking within yourself to understand your behavior • Begs the question: What are the elements of psychological processes?

  29. FunctionalismWilliam James • It is not the outside world and inside thoughts and feelings • Experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness” • Focus on the relationship between experience and behavior • Concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment • Stresses the application of feelings to everyday situations

  30. William James • William James brought psychology to the US. • James’s work was extremely broad • He moved from psychology to philosophy. • General characteristics of James’s thought: • He took a strong individualistic perspective rooted in individual experience. • He advocated multiple levels of analysis, • There is not one correct level of analysis. • Jamesian pluralism had several implications for his psychology. • He denied that there is a primary or foundational content area in psychology.

  31. Alfred Binet • Alfred Binet developed the first usable tests of intelligence. • His goal was to identify schoolchildren who may need extra assistance or advanced teaching. • Lewis Terman brought Binet’s intelligence tests to the United States. • He published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. • To place army recruits during World War I, Robert M. Yerkes developed the Army Alpha and the Army Beta tests of intelligence.

  32. The Stanford Binet Intelligence Test • Tests a subject’s MENTAL AGE • Determines a subject’s intelligence quotient (I.Q.) • Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = I.Q. • Scores: • 100 = average • < 100 = below average • > 100 = above average

  33. Asks: • What are the purposes of behavior and mental processes? • What do the mental processes accomplish? • Adaptive behaviors are learned and maintained because they are successful • Adaptive behaviors become repeated habits • How does this translate into intelligence? I.Q. tests

  34. Behaviorism: John B. WatsonReinforcement: B.F. Skinner • Limit Psychology to observable, measurable events – BEHAVIOR. • Behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior. • Animals and people learn behavior better when they have positive reinforcement. • Rats in a maze. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnxM29B2ln4

  35. Reinforcement: Skinner Box

  36. The Gestalt School • Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sum of their parts. • Rather, they are wholes that give shape, or meaning, to the parts. • Rejects the structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements. • Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should ONLY focus on observable behavior. • Disagree with behaviorist view that learning is mechanical. • Learning is active and purposeful.

  37. The Gestalt School

  38. The Gestalt School

  39. The Gestalt School

  40. The Gestalt School • Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at CmabrigdeUinervtisy, it deosn'tmttaerwahtoredr the ltteers in a wrod are in; the olnyiprmoetnttihng is taht the frist and lsatltteer be at the rghitpclae. The rset can be a ttoalmses and you can sitllraed it wouthitporbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamnmniddeos not raederveylteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh?

  41. Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud • Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior • “Freudian slip” • Dream interpretation • Represent unconscious wishes…often sexual in nature

  42. Contemporary Perspectives of Psychology • Biological Perspectives • Cognitive Perspectives • Humanistic Perspective • Psychoanalytic Perspective • Learning Perspective • Sociocultural Perspective JIGSAW ACTIVITY

  43. Biological Perspectives • Emphasizes influence of biology on behavior • Mental processes (thoughts, dreams, wishes, desires, fantasies) made possible by the nervous system. • Key component of behavior is in the brain • Interested in influence of genes, hormones, heredity on behavior

  44. Cognitive Perspectives • Emphasizes the role of thoughts in determining behavior • Study mental processes (how people perceive the world, solve problems, dream and daydream) to understand human nature • Information processing important • Computer analogy: mind has long term storage, memory, software • Behavior is influenced by values, interpretations and choices

  45. Humanistic Perspectives • Stress the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices • Peoples’ experiences are the most important aspect of psychology • We invent ourselves through our choices and experiences • People are basically good and helpful to others • Get in touch with your feelings • Group therapy

  46. Psychoanalytic Perspective • Stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior • Focuses on the roles of unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses on conscious choice and self-direction • Aggressive impulses are often frustrations that were penned up and can lead to inappropriate behaviors.

  47. Learning Perspectives • Emphasize the effects of experience on behavior • Learning is the essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior • Not conscious choice – all behaviors learned through reinforcement • Behavior is either learned through direct experience or observation

  48. Sociocultural Perspectives • Factors like ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status have significant impact on human behavior and mental processes • Influences of social forces on the individual

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