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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Integumentary System. Integumentary System. Consists of: Skin Hair Nails Glands Functions Protection Sensation Temperature regulation Vitamin D production Excretion. Hypodermis. Skin rests on this, but not a part Consists of loose connective tissue Types of cells

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Integumentary System

  2. Integumentary System • Consists of: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Glands • Functions • Protection • Sensation • Temperature regulation • Vitamin D production • Excretion

  3. Hypodermis • Skin rests on this, but not a part • Consists of loose connective tissue • Types of cells • Fibroblasts • Adipose cells • Macrophages • Also called • Subcutaneous tissue • Superficial fascia

  4. Skin • Dermis • Structural strength • Cleavage lines • Two layers • Reticular • Papillary • Epidermis • Avascular • Cells • Layers or strata

  5. Cleavage or Tension Lines • Elastin and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others • Important in surgery • If incision parallel to lines there is less gapping, faster healing, less scar tissue

  6. Dermis and Epidermis

  7. Epidermal Cells • Cell types • Keratinocytes: Produce keratin for strength • Melanocytes: Contribute to skin color • Langerhans’ cells: Part of the immune system • Merkel’s cells: Detect light touch and pressure • Desquamate: Older cells slough off • Keratinization: Cells die and produce outer layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer

  8. Epidermal Strata • Stratum Basale • Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer • High mitotic activity and cells become keratinized • Stratum Spinosum • Limited cell division • Stratum Granulosum • In superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cell dies • Stratum Lucidum • Thin, clear zone • Stratum Corneum • Most superficial and consists of cornified cells

  9. Epidermal Layers and Keratinization

  10. Thick and Thin Skin • Thick skin • Has all 5 epithelial strata • Found in areas subject to pressure or friction • Palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet • Thin skin • More flexible than thick skin • Covers rest of body

  11. Skin Color • Determined by 3 factors • Pigments • Melanin: Provides for protection against UV light • Albinism: Deficiency or absence of pigment • Carotene: Yellow pigment • Blood circulating through the skin • Imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing, anger, inflammation • Cyanosis: Blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content • Thickness of stratum corneum

  12. Accessory Skin Structures • Hair • Found everywhere on human body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes • Glands • Sebaceous or oil glands • Sudoriferous or sweat glands • Ceruminous glands • Mammary glands • Nails

  13. Hair Structure • Composed of shaft and root • Shaft protrudes above skin surface • Root located below surface and base forms the hair bulb • Has 3 concentric layers • Medulla: Central axis • Cortex: Forms bulk of hair • Cuticle: Forms hair surface

  14. Hair Growth, Color, and Muscles • Hair Growth • Cycles • Growth and resting • Permanent hair loss • Pattern balding most common • Hair Color • Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin • Muscles • Arrector pili: Muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end”

  15. Oil and Sweat Glands • Sebaceous glands • Produce sebum • Oils hair and skin surface • Sudoriferous glands • Merocrine or eccrine • Most common • Numerous in palms and soles • Apocrine • Found in axillae, genitalia, around anus

  16. Nails • Anatomy • Nail root proximally • Nail body distally: Eponychium or cuticle • Growth • Grow continuously unlike hair

  17. Burns • Classifications • First-degree • Second-degree • Third-degree • Skin Grafts • Split skin • Artificial skin • Cadavers or pigs

  18. The Rule of Nines

  19. Aging Effects • Skin more easily damaged • Skin becomes drier • Functioning melanocytes decrease or increase as with age spots • Sunlight ages skin more rapidly

  20. Clinical Disorders • Bacterial infections • Acne • Viral Infections • Chicken pox, German measles, cold sores • Decubitus ulcers or bedsores • Ischemia and necrosis • Cancer • Basal cell carcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma • Malignant melanoma

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