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Speech Perception

Speech Perception. Dynamics of Speech Perception of English speech sounds. Cues for manner-place-voicing Suprasegmentals Context dependence Categorical perception Hearing Loss and speech perception. Dynamics of Speech. intensity frequency suprasegmentals. Dynamics of Speech.

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Speech Perception

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  1. Speech Perception • Dynamics of Speech • Perception of English speech sounds. • Cues for manner-place-voicing • Suprasegmentals • Context dependence • Categorical perception • Hearing Loss and speech perception Speech Perception

  2. Dynamics of Speech • intensity • frequency • suprasegmentals

  3. Dynamics of Speech • intensity • whisper - 20 dB HL • normal conversational speech - 50 to 60 dB HL • loud speech - 70 dB HL • shouting - 90 dB HL

  4. Dynamics of Speech • frequency • about 250 to 8000 Hz • most important speech sounds - 500 through 6000 Hz

  5. Dynamics of Speech

  6. Dynamics of Speech

  7. Perception of English Speech Sounds • Vowels • Diphthongs • Semivowels • Nasal consonants • Stop/plosives • Fricatives and affricates Speech Perception

  8. Vowels • Most important cue is relationship between the F1 & F2 formant frequencies. Speech Perception

  9. Vowels • Other cues • For high-front vowels: F3 formant • For low-back vowels: A strong F1 frequency • Contextual cues Speech Perception

  10. Vowels Speech Perception

  11. Diphthongs • Most important cue is gliding formants Speech Perception

  12. Diphthongs • Specifically … • Rate of frequency change. The faster the rate of change the easier it is to perceive • Brief steady state formant pattern at the beginning and the end of the diphthong also improves perception. • I.e., tense monothongs are more difficult to perceive because they lack the long steady state formant. Speech Perception

  13. Diphthongs Speech Perception

  14. Semivowels • Glides -----> /j/ and /w/ • Liquids -----> /r/ and /l/ • As with diphthongs, perception relies on vowel formant transitions. • Most important transition is F2 • For /r/ and /l/, the F3 formant is also important • Semivowels differ from diphthongs since they have more rapid F2 transitions which makes them consonant like. Speech Perception

  15. Semivowels (continued) Speech Perception

  16. Nasals • Most important decisions when perceiving nasals. • Is the speech segment nasal or non-nasal? • If it is a nasal, which nasal is it? • Important Cues • Transition between nasal and adjacent vowel • Weakening of upper formants • Lengthening of nasal tract causes primary resonant frequency to drop from 500 to about 250 Hz. • Lowering of intensity when compared to vowels. Speech Perception

  17. Nasals (continued) Speech Perception

  18. Nasals (continued) • In perceiving specific nasals the most important cues are… • Transition to and from adjacent vowels are similar to different stops… • /m/ same as /p-b/ • /n/ same as /t-d/ • “ng” same as /k-g/ Speech Perception

  19. Nasals (continued) • Frequency cues in F2 transition from adjoining vowels • /m/ lowest in frequency and shortest in duration • /n/ higher in frequency and a bit longer in duration • /ng/ highest in frequency and shortest in duration. Speech Perception

  20. Nasals (continued) • Resonance and anti-resonant patterns are different for different nasals. This is important for discriminating between /m/ and /n/, but not important for perceiving /ng/ • Nasal murmur Speech Perception

  21. Stops • Manner-place of articulation-voicing are important cues. Speech Perception

  22. Stops (manner) • Cues for manner • Oral occlusion is heard either as a … • Silence in the voiceless stop /p-t-k/ • Brief attenuation of sound in voiced stops /b-d-g/. • Stopped air is often released and heard as a plosive (i.e., and aperiodic sound source) • Stops have much shorter transition to and from adjacent vowels than semi-vowels. Speech Perception

  23. Stops (manner) Speech Perception

  24. Stops (place of articulation) • To review… • /p-b/ …. Bilabial • /t-d/ …. Alveolar • /k-g/ …. Velar (or palatal) Speech Perception

  25. Stops (place of articulation) • Cues for place include … • Frequency position of the burst in relation to F1 and F2 formants. • When burst is above 3000 Hz, the sound is perceived as a /t/. • When burst is below F2 formant the vowel was perceived as a /p/, with the exception of high-back vowels. • When bust was just above F2 formant, phoneme perceived as a /k/ Speech Perception

  26. Stops (place of articulation) Speech Perception

  27. Stops (place of articulation) • F2 transition. Depending upon direction of transition, different stop plosives will be perceived. Refer to previous slide. Speech Perception

  28. Stops (voicing) • Voicing cues include • Low frequency voice bar. Speech Perception

  29. Stops (voicing) • Presence of aspiration • Onset of F1 Formant for a following vowel (F1 cutback) Speech Perception

  30. Stops (voicing) Speech Perception

  31. Stops (voicing) • Voice onset time (VOT) • Longer the VOT prior to a vowel and after a stop… the more likely you will perceive it as voiceless. • Vowel duration preceding stop. • Longer duration of vowel, the more likely it will be perceived as voiced. Speech Perception

  32. Summary Speech Perception

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