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CEREALS AND LEGUMES STORAGE

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CEREALS AND LEGUMES STORAGE

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  1. STORAGE OF CEREALS AND LEGUMESA PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 2013 TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR FARMERS AND YOUTH ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HELD AT THE CONFERENCE HALL OF LAKE CHAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MAIDUGURI PRESENTED BY ABUBAKAR BALA ASKIRACEREAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT LAKE CHAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MAIDUGURI BORNO STATE NIGERIA8-10TH JULY 2013

  2. CEREALS AND LEGUMES STORAGE

  3. INTRODUCTION • Cereal grains constitute a major source of energy of high biological value, vitamins and roughages. • Worldwide production of Maize, Rice, Sorghum, and Millet in 2010 is 844, 672 tons • Grain legumes occupy an important place in global food and nutrition.

  4. •Current production levels are estimated at 55 million metric tons annually, nearly 60% of this being grown to developing countries most of which lie within the Tropics. • Legumes play an important role as export crops in a number of countries in tropical Africa

  5. • In order to provide for the food security of the citizenry, surplus grains are pre- served in storage to serve amongst others, as a source of :- • Domestic food supply throughout the year • To generate revenue for the farming families • Seed for the following year’s crop • Provide a steady supply to the strategic stock.

  6. • At the end of every growing season • After collection those to be used as food the surplus of the grains are stored for various length of time depending on the, •Financial •Social • Storage structure of the farmer.

  7. Objectives • •To identify the different storage systems • •To study and know the most effective methods of storing cereals and legumes

  8. General design requirements for improved storage systems • • Maintain an even cool and dry storage environment. • •Provide protection from common storage loss-agents; • - Insect pests, • - Rodents, • - Moulds and • •Offer reasonable protection from theft.

  9. General design requirement Cont. • •Be simple and inexpensive to construct, thus should as much as possible, employ locally obtainable materials and construction techniques and should be reasonably long lasting. • • Be easy to maintain and to repair, and with a minimum of cracks and crevices that may harbor and/or facilitate multiplication of storage pests.

  10. Improved storage management requirements •Proper conditioning of the crop prior to storage - Drying, shelling/threshing, cleaning and storage - Pest control treatment to be carried out as instructed or under supervision.

  11. Management of storage requirement cont. • •Through cleaning of the storage unit to remove • all tracks of previous crop, and where possible • disinfecting the unit before use. • •Having in place all adequate systems of • monitoring the condition of the crop • throughout the storage period. • • All important tropical pests have optimum • temperature in the range of 25-300.

  12. Grain condition • •Be dry and at safe moisture levels for storage, since high-moisture grain is easily attacked by moulds. • • Be healthy with a minimum of broken or bruised • kernels, since damage grain is readily attacked by • insect pests and moulds.

  13. Grain condition cont. • • Be clean and free from contamination by foreign matter, mammalian and insect excrements and frass, since these conditions facilitate infestation by grain spoiling moulds. • • Be free from all stages of insect pests since • these eat and quickly destroy grain.

  14. Grain condition cont. • • Be cool and with temperatures within range of those of the storage environment, since temperature determines optimum conditions for insect pests, rodents and moulds, an uneven temperatures cause moisture migration in storage.

  15. OPEN DRYING OF CEREALS BEFORE STORAGE Fig 1. On-farm drying of maize to reduce the moisture content for proper storage Fig 2. Drying of sorghum to reduce the moisture content for proper storage Fig 1 Fig 2

  16. For convenience, storage structures are categorized into twobroad types; 1. Ventilated storage structures • 2. Unventilated storage structures

  17. Ventilated storage structures • includes- • - The Crib • - Bag/Sacks • - On-farm storage structure • - Warehouse storage using bags

  18. 2. Unventilated storage structures includes- • • Silo • Plastic Bag • Metal drums • Jerry can • Underground Granaries • Earthen silos

  19. Thatch Crib • Ventilated • Thatch structures made up of floor of 1m above ground level. • Supported by vertical poles, each measuring 1.5m. • Strong sticks guard are fitted to the vertical support below the crib floor level. • It is of different capacity and used in storage of legumes and cereals.

  20. On-farm storage •This method involved keeping dry head of harvested sorghum, Millet on straw within the cropland in layers of horizontal position covering an area of about 12 square km. •The method is during harvesting the whole plant is cut at the base and left with the head in the field to dry.

  21. •The head are then cut after 2-3 days on the straws bedding of dimension described above in the places in the farm. • • This are kept in heap forming a cone shape. When heap have reached some 6-7 meters high, they are covered with more straws of the crop which are place erect.

  22. •This cover is made tick with more straws so as to be completely covered with thorn. This protects the produce from birds, animals and thieves. • •It can stay for 2-3 months before final evacuation into the stores. Occasional checking is required to protect it from termites and frost.

  23. Warehouse storage using bags •The most common method is bag storage in a variety of buildings made of stone, local brick, corrugated iron, and mud with or without plastered wall and with an earth, stone or cement floor and a corrugated iron or thatched roof. • Such storage units could have a capacity up to 50 – 500 tones.

  24. •It is vital that storage management is strictly observed, since any loss that could occur would involve loss of large quantities of grain. •It is mostly use in storing cereals and legumes which has been bagged.•The bags are arranged on pellet in a way that it does not touch the floor of the store

  25. Unventilated Storage Structures

  26. Silos Silos are big storage structure constructed mostly by government for the storage of large quantities of grains. It is of different capacity and has different chambers functioning based on their scheduled. The chambers include uploading, cleaning, conveying and finally in to the storage structure. All the chambers are automated.

  27. EARTHEN GRANARY • Unventilated • Made with clay and grasses •They are sometimes covered with a straw roof or build completely of mud without a roof, the opening being on the side or on top. • They are well suited to dry climates. • They also provide an effective means of protection against pests since they can sealed hermetically.

  28. SMALL CONTAINERS (Bottles) • Small containers mostly bottles are used in storing small quantities of seed for research purposes. •These bottles are easy to carry from one place to another and even in the offices. • They can be kept for demonstration and proper maintenance against infestation. • The bottles are always closed in the same manner with that of jerry can to eliminate air.

  29. METAL DRUM •Unventilated •Metal drums capable of holding 150 kg of grains •Do not have perforations •Durable and portable. •Oxygen is excluded(Air-tight) •Content are inaccessible to rodent. • Used for storing legumes

  30. JEERYCAN • Unventilated • Varying capacity e.g 25, 40, 50 kg • Grains are put into jerry can and then sealed hermetically by tithing the cover • After dosing with a recommended fumigant such as methyl bromide or aluminum phosphate • Can be kept in house/stores • Mostly use for legumes storage especially cowpea

  31. • Underground granaries. • The pits measure up to 2 to 2.5 m deep and 2 to 4 m in diameter and are either round or square in shape. • The pits are dug, fired to dry the wall and plastered with clay. • The bottom is usually covered with straw or cereal chaff and the walls are lined with matting which together serve as damp absorbers.

  32. • The pit is eventually overlain with an earthen roof (slap) such that the pit becomes air-tight. • It use is restricted to regions with dry climate where the water table is completely low. • The main problems encountered with the use of underground pits are that they are not easy to clean and to empty.

  33. LOSSES DUE TO POOR MAINTENANCE OF STORAGE STRUCTURE

  34. Conclusion Good and well constructed storage structures are very important in safeguarding and provision of food to citizenry when there is famine. It has become necessary to inspect our storage structures regularly, identify their problems and be able to put them in good shape for us to safe our produce from infestation by pest and other factors.

  35. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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