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Design of UAV Systems. UAV. UAV. No =. Yes =. c 2002 LM Corporation. Introduction to UAVs. Objectives. Lesson objective - Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations - Gain Familiarity

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  1. Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV No = Yes = c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Objectives • Lesson objective - • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) • Where are they headed? • What are the challenges? • Design • Technology • Lesson expectations - • Gain Familiarity • Appreciate breadth of UAV design options Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable 2-1

  2. Design of UAV Systems • The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896) • The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917) • The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918) • The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935) • 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944) • Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945) c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Amazing UAV facts Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997 2-1a

  3. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Historical comparison - US • Pre-World War II • Manned aircraft • - Reciprocating engines • - Biplanes to monoplanes • - Fabric to semi-monocoque • Unmanned • - First unmanned vehicle • - First UAV • 1950s • Manned aircraft • - Turbojets mature • - Advanced metalics • - Supersonics mature • Unmanned • - First real systems • - UAVs stagnate • World War II • Manned aircraft • - Recips mature • - Structures mature • - First jets • Unmanned • - First combat use • - First drones • 1960s • Manned aircraft • - Turbofans mature • - First composites • - First fly by wire • - Complex analog systems • Unmanned • - UAVs go to war • Other - Unmanned space • 1980s • Manned aircraft • - Commercial FBW • - Composites mature • - Full digital systems • Unmanned • - Cruise missiles • - Tactical UAV (again) • 1970s • Manned aircraft • - Full fly by wire • - Early digital systems • Unmanned • - First combat UAV • - First research UAV • - First tactical UAV • 1990s- Unmanned • - DARO Family of Vehicles • - Tactical UAVs (again) • - USAF / DARPA UCAV • Other - Reusable launchers • 2002 and on • - UAVs mature • - Manned/unmanned synergy,co-existence • 1990s- Manned aircraft • - Co-cured composites • - Pilots as managers • - Netted systems 2-2

  4. Design of UAV Systems UAV c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Pre War Kettering Bug (1918) Aerial Torpedo Radioplane 0Q-2A (1935) Culver PQ-14B (1940) UAV UAV Target drones http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-3

  5. Design of UAV Systems USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F) UAV UAV UAV c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs World War II V-1 Buzz Bomb U.S. Buzz Bomb http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-4

  6. Design of UAV Systems Matador- 600 NMi Range UAV Mace - 1217 Nmi Range c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Snark - 5497 NMi Range 1950s Strategic Surface-to-Surface Missiles USSR had similar types of systems http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-5

  7. Design of UAV Systems UAV Regulus 1 Regulus 2 c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1950s (cont’d) Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles USSR also had similar types http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm 2-6

  8. Design of UAV Systems UAV Lightning Bug AQM-34 c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1960s Reconnaissance UAVs UAV D21 Tagboard on M12 Mother Ship http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-7

  9. Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1960s - other Launch and space systems http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1 http://www.fas.org 2-8

  10. Design of UAV Systems EO Maverick EO Hobo UAV EO Maverick Attacking SAM Site c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1970s Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34 UAV UAV http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-9

  11. Design of UAV Systems Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1970s Reconnaissance (Recce) UAVs UAV Compass Cope - High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-10

  12. Design of UAV Systems UAV c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1970s Cruise Missiles General Dynamics BGM-109 Boeing AGM-86 http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm 2-11

  13. Design of UAV Systems YF-16 RPRV HiMAT Self-Repairing Flight Control Sys. XBQM-106 c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1970s Flight Research UAVs UAV http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-12

  14. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1970s Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila UAV 2-13

  15. Design of UAV Systems UAV c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1980s Cruise Missiles General Dynamics AGM-129 GD BGM-109G GD UGM-109C GD RGM-109C http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm 2-14

  16. Design of UAV Systems Boeing Condor c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1980s UAV HALE UAV http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-15

  17. Design of UAV Systems Pioneer - USN/USMC US Army Hunter c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1980s Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm GNAT-750 MR - UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm 2-16

  18. Design of UAV Systems Outrider (TUAV) Predator (Tier II) c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1990s UAV DARO UAVs http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm Dark Star (Tier III-) Global Hawk (Tier II+) http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm 2-17

  19. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Global Hawk & Predator Size Comparison http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF 2-18

  20. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1990s - Tactical UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm UAV Alliant Techsystems Outrider General Atomics Prowler US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200 TRW/S-TEC Sentry 2-19

  21. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs 1990s - VTUAV NG Fire Scout selected UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm Cancelled http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm 2-20

  22. Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm c 2002 LM Corporation c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Introduction to UAVs 1990s - Manned synergy 2-21

  23. Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV c 2002 LM Corporation c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Introduction to UAVs 1990s - Reusable launchers http://www.fas.org 2-22

  24. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Next subject • Lesson objective - • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) • Where are they headed? • What are the challenges? • Design • Technology • Lesson expectations - • Gain Familiarity • Appreciate breadth of UAV design options 2-23

  25. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - DARPA/Army Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR) • Armed unmanned complement to manned systems • - Future Combat System • - RHA-66 Comanche • Perform the most dangerous missions • - Strike and support • $500M over four (4) phases • - First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors • - Many competitors Plus... Raytheon Sikorsky Lockheed Martin 2-24

  26. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV X-45A X-45B 2-25

  27. Design of UAV Systems http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV • AIR VEHICLE • XX,XXX lb Gross Weight • X,XXX lb Empty Weight • High subsonic speed • Med-high altitude • XXX-XXXX nmi radius • XXXX-XXXX lb payload Requirements increasing? http://www.northrop grumman.com 2-26

  28. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - other DARPA A-160 Hummingbird http://www.auvsi.org/members http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.html http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html • Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor • VTOL range > 2,000nm • Endurance > 24-48 hours http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html 2-27

  29. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - Global Hawk http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm • ACTD successfully completed • Low rate initial production approved • - 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements • Full-rate production starts FY-06 • - 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter • Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence • - Requires payload weight/volume increase • Will remain unarmed 2-28

  30. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - Predator • Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm • USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation • - Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp • - 4,500kg take-off gross weight • - Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft • - 20m wingspan • - Triplex systems • - 1,360kg fuel • - 340kg internal payload • - 1360kg external payload • - 6 store stations/14 Hellfires Predator B http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html 2-29

  31. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - USMC Affordably expendable UAV 2-30

  32. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Dragon Eye approach 2-31

  33. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - US Navy Roadmap Today MRE Transitioning to UCAV-N? 2-32

  34. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Today - US Navy VTUAV? (Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets) 2-33

  35. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Tomorrow UAV Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 2-34

  36. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Final subject • Lesson objective - • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) • Where are they headed? • What are the challenges? • Design • Technology • Lesson expectations - • Gain Familiarity • Appreciate breadth of UAV design options 2-35

  37. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Design and technology challenges • System Level • - Concepts of Operation • - Communications availability/reliability • - Multi-UAV operations • - UAVs in manned airspace • Air Vehicle • - Reliability and Safety • - Very long endurance • - Survivability • - Cost • Mission control • - Reliability and Safety • - Operators per vehicle • - Multi-vehicle control • - Cost • Payloads • - Auto target recognition • - On board data processing • - Data compression • - Cost • Support system • - Reliability and Safety • - Logistics footprint • - Off base support • - Aerial refueling • - Cost 2-36

  38. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Example - Manned airspace • All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace. • Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) • Rules apply to two types of airspace • - Enroute airspace - the airways • - Terminal airspace - around airports • Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience • The established system is complex and slow to change • Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft • UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots • UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system 2-37

  39. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Example - Logistics footprint 2-38

  40. Design of UAV Systems Main Base Forward Base Emergency Base c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Example - Base operations 2-39

  41. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Question What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)? • UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment • - They are designed like air vehicles • - They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements • - Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges • We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems • We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems • - UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge 2-40

  42. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs Intermission 2-41

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