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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Tables and Graphs. Variables. Independent Variables “The Cause” X-Axis on Graphs (abscissa) Left Columns on Tables Dependent Variables “The Effect” Y-Axis on Graphs (ordinate) Right Columns on Tables. Question.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Tables and Graphs

  2. Variables • Independent Variables • “The Cause” • X-Axis on Graphs (abscissa) • Left Columns on Tables • Dependent Variables • “The Effect” • Y-Axis on Graphs (ordinate) • Right Columns on Tables

  3. Question • The speed of sound in air depends on the temperature, humidity, and air pressure. • What are the independent variables? • …dependent variables?

  4. Table and Graph Requirements • Label the axes on your graphs. • Include units on the axes and on column headings. • Use landscape graphs.

  5. Proper Use of Tables & Graphs

  6. Graph Thought Question • How would you plot these types of data differently? • Observed Data • Empirical Data • Theoretical Data • Example: Speed versus Fuel Rate • See Figure 8.2

  7. In-Class Exercise

  8. Today’s Activities • Project Two • Rules • Computer Simulation * • In-class Exercise • Graphing • Least Squares Linear Regression

  9. Project One Notes • Produce three graphs for the data obtained on the vertical launch. (a) position versus time, (b) velocity versus time, and (c) drag force vs. time • 58 grams = 0.00397 slugs

  10. Project One Please staple and turn in your projects.

  11. Time for a Change Are you ready?

  12. Pair Exercise on Change • Stand up. • Pair with one team member. • Take one minute to memorize the appearance of this team member (glasses, watch, etc.) • Now face opposite directions. • Take one minute to change four things about your appearance. • Turn around and try to identify the changes in the appearance of your team member.

  13. How did you do? • Now face opposite directions again. • Take one minute to change four more things about your appearance. • Turn around and try to identify the changes in the appearance of your team member.

  14. What’s the point of this exercise? • Change can be difficult. • We are sometimes resistant to change. • Change can make us feel uncomfortable.

  15. Time for another Change Are you ready?

  16. Project Two New Team Assignments

  17. Please sit with your Team Phoenix, Corporation F - BEAL, FRANK G - BOREL, JOSHUA R - MCLANE, BRYAN T - JENNINGS, CHRISTOPHER Global Lynx, Inc. F - KRISTENSEN, DANIEL G - SELLERS, JARED R - WINTER, ZACHARY T - RYSER, ALEXANDER Draco Systems, Inc. F - WIDERQUIST, MICHAEL G - ZHENG, ZHIJUAN R - WHITE, CALVIN T - WILLIAMS, CHRISTOPHER Lacerta Group, Inc. F - GUERRERO, CHRISTOPHER G - OMEKE, OJEI R - LOTT, MICHAEL R - MCINNIS, KENT Aquila, Inc. F - BAHA, ABDEL G - JACKSON, JAY R - GOLDSBERRY, JASON T - JAIME, JAIRO Centaurus Systems D - CURREY, JONATHAN F - MCLENDON, PAUL G - THOMPSON, PATRICK R - TAYLOR, DEREK T - BONEY, DANIEL Hydra Tech International F - HOLLAND, WILLIAM G - RYAN, NATHAN R - SANFORD, JOSHUA T - GONZALEZ, JASON

  18. What is a Team Anyway? • A team is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.

  19. Why Teams? Do you remember? • Working in groups enhances activities in Active/Collaborative Learning. • Team skills are valued by industry. • Engineers work in teams.

  20. Important Team Roles • Facilitator - The facilitator is responsible for leading the discussion, keeping focus, and moving the meeting along. • Recorder - The recorder is the person responsible for doing the writing of the team whenever group work is being done. This should maximum participation by the rest of the team, since no one else needs to worry about it.

  21. Important Team Roles • Time Keeper - The time keeper has the responsibility of keeping track of time, as well as keeping the team moving so that they can finish the task at hand. The time keeper is also responsible for making sure that team members are on time. • Gatekeeper - The encourager/gatekeeper has the task of giving encouragement to all the other team members. The person also has the responsibility of maintaining a balanced level of participation for all the members. They will encourage the silent members and try to hold back the verbose, dominate members.

  22. Important Team Roles • Devil's Advocate - The devil's advocate takes a position opposite to that held by the team to ensure that all sides of an issue are considered. This responsibility should be undertaken by all team members.

  23. Common Team Problems (TAMU Student’s Perspective) • One of my teammates never comes to class. • One of my teammates never participates. • No one comes to our meeting prepared to work. • One of my team members is very rude. • Most of my teammates just want to rush to accomplishment.

  24. Code of Cooperation The agreed upon rules governing the behavior of team members, as well as any appropriate rewards and sanctions.

  25. Exercise • INDIVIDUALLY, based upon your experience as part of a team, use 2 minutes to write down the following: • What 2 elements would you like to see in your teams Code of Cooperation?

  26. Items to Consider • Team Attendance in Class • Team Communications • Individual Attendance at Team Meetings • Team Meetings • Additional Items

  27. Exercise • AS A TEAM use 8 minutes to discuss your individual Code of Cooperation elements and come to an agreement as to the ones everyone would like to include in your team’s Code of Cooperation.

  28. Code of Cooperation Team Attendance • The team will make a concerted effort to attend every class and be on time. Team Communications • The team members will communicate with one another via email. Individual Attendance • Each team member will try to attend every team meeting outside of class. Team Meetings • Team meeting will normally take place in ____________ during the ___________________ hours.

  29. Individual Homework • Email each of your classmates tonight with the subject “EGR111”. • Printout the first message that you receive from your 3 or 4 teammates. • Staple the message together with this page and turn them in on Thursday.

  30. Let’s go back to the handout from last week on graphing and tables.

  31. Learning Objectives • Learn to use tables and graphs as problem solving tools • Learn and apply different types of graphs and scales • Prepare graphs in Excel • Be able to edit graphs

  32. Tables • Tables should always have: • Title • Column headings with brief descriptive name, symbol and appropriate units. • Numerical data in the table should be written to the proper number of significant digits. • The decimal points in a column should be aligned. • Tables should always be referenced and discussed (at least briefly) in the body of the text of the document containing the table.

  33. Table Example

  34. Exercise • Enter the following table in Excel • You can make your tables look nice by formatting text and borders

  35. Graphs • Proper graphing of data involves several steps: • Select appropriate graph type • Select scale and gradation of axes, and completely label axes • Plot data points, then plot or fit curves • Add titles, notes, and or legend

  36. 1. Pie Chart Graphs - Types 2. Bar Graph

  37. Graphs - Types 3. 3-D Graph 4. Line Graph Body Temperature (0C Distance (m) Speed (m/s)

  38. Graphs • Each graph must include: • A descriptive title which provides a clear and concise statement of the information being presented • A legend defining point symbols or line types used for curves needs to be included • Labeled axes • Graphs should always be referenced/discussed in the body of the text of the document containing the table.

  39. Titles and Legends • Each graph must be identified with a descriptive title • The title should include clear and concise statement of the information being presented • A legend defining point symbols or line types used for curves needs to be included

  40. Length (km) Axis Labels • Each axis must be labeled • The axis label should contain the name of the variable and its units. • The units can be enclosed in parentheses, or separated from the label by a comma.

  41. Scale Graduations, Smallest Division=3.33 Scale Graduations, Smallest Division=1 Acceptable Not Acceptable Gradation • Scale gradations should be selected so that the smallest division of the axis is an integer power of 10 times 1, 2, or 5. • Exception is units of time.

  42. Data Points and Curves • Data Points are plotted using symbols • The symbol size must be large enough to easily distinguish them • A different symbol is used for each data set • Data Points are often connected with lines • A different line style is often used for each data set

  43. Velocity of Three Runners During a 5 km Race Example

  44. Building a Graph In Excel • Select the data that you want to include in the chart by dragging through it with the mouse. • Then click the Chart Wizard

  45. Building the Graph • Choose XY (Scatter), with data connected by lines if desired. • Click “Next”

  46. Building the Graph • Make sure that the series is listed in columns, since your data is presented in columns. • Click the Series tab to enter a name for the data set, if desired. • Choose “Next”

  47. Building the Graph • Fill in Title and Axis information • “Next”

  48. Building a Chart • Select “As new sheet” to create the chart on it’s own sheet in your Excel file, or “As object in” to create the chart on an existing sheet • “Finish”

  49. This is useful when the data sets cover very different ranges. Right click on the line (data series) on the chart that you want to associate with a secondary axis. Select “format data series” Select the Axis tab, then “Plot series on secondary axis” as shown. “OK” Creating a Secondary Axis

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