The Rise and Spread

1. The Rise and Spread Of Islam

2. Aim: How did Islam become a uniting and dividing force in the Arabian world?

3. Muhammad • Born in 570 C.E. • Raised in Mecca, a center of worship to polytheistic nomadic pilgrims (the Kaaba). • 610 experienced a revelation that he believed was from Gabriel which continued for many years. • Introduced to Allah. • Merchants (ruling class in Mecca) were angered by the prospect of losing the pilgrims’ business b/c of Muhammad. • Muhammad fled to Medina in 622 C.E. (hijrah)

4. THE KAABA http://math.arizona.edu/~hermi/kaaba.jpg

5. Muhammad organized his believers into a community (the umma). • 630 he returned to Mecca, captured the city, and destroyed the idols. • Islam- means submission to God’s will.

6. After Muhammad’s DeathMUSLIM HOLY BOOKS • Quran (650 C.E.) • Shariah (moral law) • Hadith (Muhammad’s sayings) From the Hadith: " The strong man is not the one who is strong in wrestling, but the one who controls himself in anger ." Fordham.edu

7. The Five Pillars of Faith 1.Shahadah – Profession of Faith -most important Pillar and is the foundation of all Muslim beliefs and practices 2.Salat – Ritual Prayer 5 times a day -Arabic language is used and is Universal language -Mosque is the place of worship, call to prayer by Muezzin from Mosque’s minaret 3.Zakah – Tax on the Community (giving Charity) 4.Saum – Fasting during Ramadan -Islam uses lunar calendar, date of Ramadan is always changing by Gregorian Calendar -Creates nearness to Allah 5.Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca -Once in a lifetime for all Muslims who can afford to go -Creates strong Muslim community http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam.htm (call to prayer) Islam is a universal religion (it is open to anyone). Q: Why do you think Islam, like Christianity, appealed to women and the poor?

8. The Split in Islam • Caliph- religious and secular leader • Abu-Bakr became the first caliph after the death of Muhammad (he was one of the original followers) • When the third caliph (Uthman of the Umayyad family) was assassinated, Ali, the son in law of Muhammad was appointed caliph. • Controversy: Should the caliph be the strongest member of the tribe (Sunni) or a descendent of Muhammad (Shiite)?

10. After the assassination of Ali the Umayyad family came to power in the Islamic world. Capital was in Damascus, Syria. Soldiers dedicated to Islam. Bureaucratic structure. All cultures were tolerated as long as they obeyed laws, paid taxes (jizya), and did not revolt. Arabic became the language of business, law, and trade. The Umayyad Caliphate (661 C.E.-750 C.E.) http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/umTerritory.html

11. The Abbasid Caliphate at its height – 750 CE-1250 CE http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm

12. Originally supported by Shiites but became more accepting of Sunnis too. Converts could advance in society Increase in trade (China) Learning of Greeks, Romans, and Persians preserved Spread of Arabic numerals to Western Europe Algebra, geometry, trigonometry Astrolabe (measured position of the stars) improved. Optic surgery, human anatomy studied Detailed maps of the world produced Calligraphy, arabesques (design) used on pottery The use of images was forbidden (idolatry), geometrical shapes used instead Minarets (towers) topped mosques Great literature (i.e. The Arabian Nights) produced Sufis (mystics) began missionary work to spread Islam House of Wisdom built in Baghdad in 830, translated Greek and Persian texts into Arabic. Dar al-Islam refers to the areas that share a common Muslim culture as the basis of their society. This became one of the most powerful influences by the end of the 15th century. Major Achievements of the Abbasid Caliphate

13. Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics from Abbasid Empire Silk and porcelain from China Rubies, silver, dyestuffs from India Trinkets and slaves from the Byzantine Empire Muslim trade 1000 C.E. – Indian Ocean Trade Circuit

14. Cairo- A Major Center of Trade • Cairo (Founded 969 C.E. as Al-Qahira) • Commercial center between Europe, Middle East, and Africa • Part of Islamic caliphates • Islamic social structure • Center of intellectual life • Seljuk Turks conquered it in 1168

15. Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate • Vast Empire • High taxes • Leaders became less popular • Independent kingdoms began to arise, local rulers called themselves “sultans” (i.e. in Persia) – by 1000s • Alliance between the Persian sultanate and Seljuks. • 13th century- Abbasid dynasty ended when Mongol invaders executed the Abbasid caliph.

16. Major Effects of the Spread of Islam • 711 Berbers from North Africa conquered the Iberian peninsula. • The advance into Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours (732). • Caliphs preserved Greco-Roman culture. • Caliphate of Cordoba built an impressive library and offered free education in Muslim schools. • Umayyad Caliphate moves to Spain when Abbasids overthrow them (after 750 CE) • Spanish art and architecture reflected Muslim styles.

17. Originally built in 784-786 by the Umayyad ruler Abd ar-Rahman I Extended in the 9th and 10th centuries Christian cathedral in 1236 (won by Ferdinand III of Castille) Front view mihrab, Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba http://www.infocordoba.com/spain/andalusia/cordoba/photos/mosque_2/pages/mosque_interior_106_jpg.htm

18. MUSLIM ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS • TRADE • Large trading networks across empire (750-1350) • Established partnerships • Sold goods on credit • Formed banks to establish different kinds of currency • MANUFACTURING • Heads of guilds regulated prices, weights, and measurements, monitored quality • Steel swords produced in Damascus • Leather goods produced in Cordoba • Carpets produced in Persia • AGRICULTURE • Muslim farmers grew sugarcane, cotton, medicinal herbs, fruits and vegetables. • These were sold in world markets.

19. The Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem (from Byzantines) caused the Crusades in 1095. • Islam spread to Northern India by 1000 CE (modern day Pakistan)(Delhi Sultanate first major Muslim kingdom in South Asia) and held control from 1206-1526. • Muslims were not popular with many Indians. • Some Buddhists and Hindus of lower castes found Islam appealing. • Islam spread from conversion and commerce in South and Southeast Asia (not really from war). • Successful conversion in the islands of the Pacific. Hinduism and Buddhism continued to be popular, but (i.e. in Malaysia and Indonesia) Islam was accepted. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/id.html

20. The Spread of Islam To Africa

21. BANTU MIGRATION Encarta

22. Around 2000-1000 BCE the Bantu people migrated and lived in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Their population grew and resources were becoming scarce, and they had to repeat their migration. The Bantu Migration Nok sculpture (Nigeria 500 BC-200 AD) Encarta

23. Bantu Achievements • Around 1000 BCE the Bantus produced iron tools which helped them to clear land for farming. • Around 500 CE the cultivation of bananas (which came to Africa via Indian Ocean trade). • The population increased from 3.5 million in 400 BCE to 22 million in 1000 CE. • The Bantu culture provided a basis for African indigenous languages and religions today.

24. Islam had reached parts of North Africa (including Egypt) in the 600s and 700s. • Over the next few hundred years it spread through the Sahara and to sub-Saharan Africa. • Islam was brought to Africa by Arab traders.

25. Q: How does that map show that more than simply goods were moved to and throughout the Africa? historyteacher.net

26. THE SILK ROAD “The Silk Road” is a special term which describes the trade route between the Central Asia and China. In ancient times, Chinese people transported silk, tea and other products to exchange for horses with small kingdoms in west of China. The famous explorer Marco Polo opened this trade route to the Middle East, Western Europe and North Africa. Over time the Silk Road became one of the most important trade route linking China and Europe. The route is no longer used for international trade but much history and many stories of the happenings on the Silk Road remain. http://www.chinahighlights.com/map/images/ancient_silk_road_map1.gif

27. Cities that sat along trade routes thrived. • Melaka (port city in Malaysia) • Hangzhou • Samarkand (Uzbekistan) • Baghdad • Kilwa • Venice • Timbuktu

28. Northward- Slaves Salt Ivory Animal skins Southward- Glass Metalwork pottery Trade in Africa

29. TIMBUKTU • Founded in the 1000s by Tuareg nomads • Later incorporated into the Mali and then Songhay empires • Located near the main trade routes across the Sahara and close to the flood plain of the Niger River • Important city in the trading of gold and slat • Many Muslims there went on the hajj • Important center of Islamic culture-mosques, palaces, and a university.

30. Mansa Musa • http://www.history.com/classroom/unesco/timbuktu/mansamoussa.html

31. Long Distance Trade • The Silk Road linked Eurasia through trade. • The Indian Ocean linked China, Southeast Asia, India, Arabia and East Africa through trade. • The Mediterranean Sea linked Europe with the Muslim world and Asia.

32. THE RISE OF EAST AFRICAN CITY-STATES • Since ancient times, Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Indian traders came to the east coast of Africa. • 600s- Arab and Persian merchants set up Muslim communities. Bantu speaking people migrated there and adopted Islam • Other immigrants (including Indonesian) migrate to East Africa as well. • By 1000 port cities like Mogadishu and Kilwa were thriving. • The blend of Arabic and Bantu cultures gave rise to a new language, Swahili (written in Arabic script)

33. SWAHILI http://www.lmp.ucla.edu

34. Indigenous African Practices – much changes with advance of Islam and is pushed south • (Political) Tribes – expansion of a clan system beginning with nomadic lifestyle, that incorporates a growing population. Tribal rivalries develop over overlapping territory. Tribe is usually headed by a “Chief” and priestly members are often the upper class along with warriors. • (Religious) Animism – earliest form of religion of all humans - where inanimate objects are given human qualities • (Communication) Griots – oral history is preferred as the method of keeping records. Advantage is that literacy is unnecessary and not promoted. Disadvantage is more “interpretation” and so knowledge is lost as Griots (oral historians) become less important in society

35. THE MYSTERIOUS DECLINE • By 1500 Zimbabwe was in decline. • Did excessive farming caused soil exhaustion? • Civil War? • Decline of trade? NOBODY KNOWS FOR SURE.

36. IBN BATTUTA – Dar-al Islam (House of Islam) – Sharia law practiced in various Islamic Empires Ibn Battuta was a Muslim scholar born in Tangier in North Africa in the year 1304. He traveled widely and works as a Sharia judge in Asia, the Middle East and Africa and left rich accounts of his journeys. In 1331 he traveled down the East Coast of Africa. In 1352 he crossed the Sahara and traveled to the Niger River in West Africa. He even claims to have visited China though most scholars believe this is not true. His date of death is uncertain. Various sources give it on dates between 1354 and 1377.

37. Ibn Battuta's Account of Mogadishu Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) visited the East Coast of Africa. He visited Mogadishu, which he described as “a town of enormous size. Its merchants are possessed of vast resources; they own large numbers of camels, of which they slaughter hundreds every day [for food], and also have quantities of sheep. In this place are manufactured the woven fabrics…which are unequalled and exported from it to Egypt and elsewhere.” http://www.hist.umn.edu

38. Mogadishu, as seen by the sea unesco.org

39. Welcome to Mogadishu! Upon arrival in Mogadishu harbor, it was the custom for small native boats… to approach the arriving vessel, and their occupants to offer food and hospitality to the merchants on the ship. If a merchant accepted such an offer, then he was obligated to lodge in that person's house and to accept their services as sales agent for whatever business they transacted in Mogadishu. According to Battuta, "there is profit for them [local people] in this custom." wcupa.edu

40. THE REMAINS OF GREAT ZIMBABWE – Southern Africa Great Zimbabwe, the largest ruins in Africa, covers almost 1,800 acres. Sited on an open wooded plain surrounded by hills, the ruins comprise the vast Great Enclosure complex, and on a nearby kopje the Hill Complex, a veritable castle of interlocking walls and granite boulders, while all around in the valley lie a myriad other walls. The ruins feature an array of… herringbone and many other intricate patterns in its walls, and the astonishing fact is that despite the dry-stone technique used in Great Zimbabwe's construction (no mortar binds the stone blocks), the complex has endured for seven centuries. The complex, which wealthy Shona-speaking cattlemen built between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, may have housed as many as 40,000 people at its height. [Zimbabwe, Globetrotters Travel Guide, London: New Holland Publishers, 1994, 97.]

41. THE GREAT ENCLOSURE postcolonialweb.org

42. HILL COMPLEX (TOP) postcolonialweb.org

43. INSIDE THE WALLS postcolonialweb.org

44. VIEW THROUGH ENTRANCE GATE postcolonialweb.org

45. Q: Why did Europeans in the 19th century speculate that the walls • of Great Zimbabwe were built by either the Arabs, ancient • Phoenicians, Romans, Hebrews?

46. BUT THEY WERE WRONG! • Archaeologist Gertrude Caton-Thompson's excavations in 1932 proved that the structures of Great Zimbabwe were less than 1000 years old… • And built byAfricans.

47. BUT THINGS HAVE CHANGED…

48. TANZANIA THEN… The ruins of a palace at Kilwa Kisiwani, An island off of the Southern coast of Tanzania news.bbc.co.uk

49. EFFORTS TO PRESERVE KILWA (1981) Added to the List of World Heritage in Danger: The remains of two great East African ports admired by early European explorers are situated on two small islands near the coast. From the 13th to the 16th century, the merchants of Kilwa dealt in gold, silver, pearls, perfumes, Arabian crockery, Persian earthenware and Chinese porcelain; much of the trade in the Indian Ocean thus passed through their hands. unesco.org

50. AND NOW… • https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html