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?. Patient was admitted with the complaints of high temperature, vomitting and pain in lower abdomen – right sid e Diagnosis- Appendicitis TREATMENT HISTORY- Symptomatic- Analgesic, Antipyretics & anti-emetics. Patient showed least response to symptomatic treatment
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? • Patient was admitted with the complaints of high temperature, vomitting and pain in lower abdomen – right side • Diagnosis- Appendicitis TREATMENT HISTORY- • Symptomatic- Analgesic, Antipyretics & anti-emetics. • Patient showed least response to symptomatic treatment • Surgical treatment: APPENDICECTOMY append(ix) + -ectomy.
An old aged patient reported to the physician with the complaints (s/s) of Dyspnea, Tachycardia, Retrosternal pain and Oliguria.
Prefixes Objective: Common Prefixes used in the Language of Medicine
Categories of Prefixes • Time or speed • Direction • Position • Size or number
Prefixes of time or speed • Ante-, pre-: before • Brady-: abnormally slow rate of speed • Neo-:new • Post-: after • Tachy-: rapid, abnormally high rate of speed
Examples • Antenatal care: care given to a baby before she/he is born. • Bradycardia: slow heart rate • Neoplasm: new tumor cells, formation • Post-partum: after birth, labor • Tachycardia: rapid heart beat
Prefixes of direction • Ab-: away from, outside of, beyond • Ad-: toward, near to • Con-, sym-, syn-: with • Contra-: against • Dia-: across, through
Examples • Ab: Abnormal, abductor (muscle that draws a limb away from the body) • Ad: adductor (muscle that draws a limb towards the body), adrenal gland (gland related to the kidney) • Con: congenital anomaly, connective tissue (used to support and bind other body tissue and parts). Bone, cartilage are examples of this.
Examples Contd... • Sym-: Symbiosis: A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member. • A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence. • Symphysis: A growing together of bones originally separate, as of the two pubic bones or the two halves of the lower jawbone • Syn-: Syndactyly: The condition of having two or more fused digits, as occurs normally in certain mammals and birds.
Examples contd... • Contra-: contraindications (here contra means against). • Contralateral: Taking place or originating in a corresponding part on an opposite side (here it means opposite). • Dia-: diarrhea (dia – complete, rrhea – discharge) • Dialysis: (lysis: disintegration) (complete removal or disintegrated stuff from the system)
Prefixes of Position • Ec-, ecto-: Outside • en- : inside • Endo- : within • Epi- : upon, subsequent to • Ex- : outside • Exo-: outside • Extra-: beyond
Ectopic Pregnancy • Ec-, ecto- : Ectopic pregnancy: the embryo implants itself outside the uterus.
Examples contd. • en-, endo-: endoscopy
Epithelium • Epi-: epithelium tissue (found in the lining and covering of organs and body cavities)
Examples Contd... • Ex-, Exo- : exophthalmos – protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro = forward, ptosis = prolapsed) • Extra-: Outside; beyond: extracellular • Extra sensory: The alleged phenomenon of perception or awareness of external events in the absence of any sensory stimulation arising from the events. Abbreviated ESP. Extra sensory perception
Prefixes pertaining to position • Hyper-: above, beyond normal • Hypo-: below, below normal • Infra-: inside or below • Inter-: between • Intra-: inside
Examples of the prefixes • Hyperglycemia: increased levels of glucose in the body • Hyperplasia: increase in cell numbers • Hypoglycemic: Lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood: a hypoglycemic drug
Examples of prefixes • Infra-axillary: Below the axilla.(armpit) • Inter: Between; among: interdental. • In the midst of; within: interoceptor. • A specialized sensory nerve receptor that receives and responds to stimuli originating from within the body. • Intra: Within: intraocular. intramedullary. (within the bone marrow)
Prefixes of Position • Meso: middle • Meta: beyond, behind • Pan: all or everywhere • Para: along side or like • Retro: backwards, behind
Examples of prefixes • Mesoderm: Middle layer of the skin – • The middle embryonic germ layer, lying between the ectoderm and the endoderm, from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop. • Meta: Situated behind: metacarpus: The part of the human hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the wrist. • Pan: General; whole: panimmunity.
Examples of the prefixes • Para: Beside; near; alongside: parathyroid. • Beyond: paranormal • Retro: Backward; back: retroposition. • Situated behind: retroperitoneum
Prefixes of size or number • Bi: two, bilateral • Hemi-, semi-: Half: hemicardia, Partial; partially: semiconscious. • Macro: big, large: macronucleus • Micro: small, Abnormally small: microcephaly – abnormally small head • Mono: one, One; single; alone: monomorphic – having only one form
Examples of the prefixes • Olig-: Oligo-: a few, oligosaccharide. A carbohydrate that consists of a relatively small number of monosaccharides*. • Quadri: four, quadriplegia • Tri: three, tricuspid Having three points, prongs, or cusps. • Uni: , Single; one: univalent, unicycle • * Any of a series of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the atoms of the latter two elements are in the ratio of 2:1.