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Chapter Nine

Chapter Nine. Nonhuman Primate Behavior. Why Primates Form Groups. There are two main hypotheses the resource-defense model the predation model The resource-defense model is based on the idea that a group of animals can defend access to resources, such as fruit trees.

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Chapter Nine

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  1. Chapter Nine Nonhuman Primate Behavior

  2. Why Primates Form Groups • There are two main hypotheses • the resource-defense model • the predation model • The resource-defense model is based on the idea that a group of animals can defend access to resources, such as fruit trees. • The predation model emphasizes the risk that primates face from predators. Primates in larger groups will have a better chance to detect predators and potentially defend themselves against predation.

  3. Kinds of Primate Social Organization • Several factors determine the size of a particular primate group. These include whether the primate is • nocturnal or diurnal • arboreal or terrestrial • the type of diet • Primate groups are usually based on relationships between females (female bonded kin groups). • The types of groups that primates form include • monogamous pairs • polyandrous groups • one-male groups • multi-male groups • fission-fusion societies

  4. Case Study: The Gibbon • Gibbons live in monogamous groups. • Grooming is a behavioral pattern common to primates. • Play behavior among juveniles is also important. • Gibbons are highly territorial. • Territorial conflict is expressed mainly through vocalization and display.

  5. Case Study: The Gelada • Geladas are large, primarily terrestrial monkeys. • They form large multi-male groups, perhaps in response to the threat of predation. • The basic social units of the harem and the all-male group gather into bands that share a home range. • Agonistic behavior is frequently seen.

  6. Case Study: The Savanna Baboon • Baboons live in a social unit called a troop. • Troops remain within a home range, but the boundaries are not defended. • The adult males are arranged into a dominance hierarchy. • Behaviors associated with this include threat gestures, displacement, presenting, and mounting. • Adult females also form dominance hierarchies, but dominance interactions are not observed as often among females as among males. • Females display a sexual swelling that indicates estrus. • Grooming clusters of females are commonly seen.

  7. Photos of Baboon Behavior

  8. Case Study: The Chimpanzee • The chimpanzee spends much time in the trees feeding, resting, and sleeping. • Movement between the trees is done on the ground. • Chimpanzee groups are based on bonds between males. • The hunting of meat and use of tools, such as termite sticks, also characterize the chimpanzee.

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