Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003

1. Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking America Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco Victor S. Thomas Professor & Co-Director Harvard Immigration Projects Harvard Graduate School of Education 511 Larsen Hall, Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138 www.gse.harvard.edu/~hip/

2. Globalization has Stimulated the Largest Migratory Flow in History The largest exodus in the history of Latin America and the Caribbean has been structured by globalization’s emerging regime. Transnational labor recruiting networks, wage differentials, family reunification (“Love and Work”), and the globalization of desire or the libidinal logic of capitalism are behind new migratory practices that cannot be easily contained by the state. Globalization is predicated on the 1) internationalization of production and distribution of goods and services that is fueled by growing levels of international trade, foreign direct investment, and capital market flows; 2) the emergence of borderless information and communication technologies that stimulate the traffic of data, symbols, and desire and that place a premium on knowledge intensive work; and 3) ever growing, uncontainable waves of world-wide migration. These phenomena give an unprecedented momentum to today’s global order.

3. Immigration Changes the World In 2003, there are175 Million Immigrants & 16 Million Refugees WorldwideLeicester, England, will be the first European City with non-white majorityFrankfurt today is 25% immigrant; Rotterdam is 45 % immigrant. Amsterdam will by yr. 2015 be 50 % immigrantChina alone has over 100 million internal immigrants. Since 1990 about a million new immigrants per annum have come to the US. There are over 32.5 million immigrants, the largest number in history (larger than the entire Canadian population) but proportionally less than in the previous eras of large-scale immigration.

6. Immigrants Admitted to the United States 1821-1996 Adapted from INS, 1996

7. Source: Bureau of the Census

9. REMARKABLY DIVERSE • Economic Backgrounds • Some are amongst the most educated and affluent • Others have limited education and are working poor • Linguistic backgrounds • Over 100 languages in New York Public Schools • Over 90 languages in Los Angeles Public Schools • Five Top Languages: Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Tagalog • Ethnicity, Race, & Color • Nearly 80 % are of color

11. Immigrants Admitted from Top Countries of Birth: 1990-2000

12. Latino Population of the United States • 1990: 249 million total population • 22.4 million Latino • 9% of total population • 2000: 281 million total population • 35.3 million Latino • 12.5% of total population • 1990 to 2000 change: • 13.0 million • 58% increase since 1990

13. By 2003 Latinos are the nation’s largest ethnic group • If we add Puerto Rico and count undocumented immigrants to the US, there are now over 43 million Latinos in the US – more than there are people in Spain, Colombia, Argentina and any other Spanish speaking country – except for Mexico • One in six babies born today have a Latina mother • By 2050 the US will have nearly 100 Million Latinos • The Latino GDP at 600 billion dollars is now larger than the GDP of Spain and Mexico. By 2010 it will reach a trillion dollars.

14. Table 1. Social and economic characteristics of Hispanics, by national origin (pooled estimates from Current Population Survey, March 1998 and March 2000) % Foreign % Recent Years of Mean % Below % % Public Born Arrivals** Education Earnings Poverty Line Unemployed Assistance All Hispanics 38.5% 44.8% 10.7 $9,432 25.2% 6.8% 3.0% Mexican/Chicano 36.5% 49.3% 10.2 $8,525 26.3% 7.0% 2.6% Puerto Rican 1.3% 26.7% 11.4 $9,893 30.4% 8.3% 7.3% Cuban 68.0% 26.7% 11.9 $13,567 18.3% 5.8% 2.2% Dominican Republic 62.7% 45.3% 10.8 $7,883 36.0% 8.6% 8.2% Central America Total 71.3% 48.2% 10.3 $9,865 22.3% 6.4% 2.4% El Salvador* 69.6% 45.9% 9.7 $9,631 20.8% 5.1% 2.4% Guatemala* 74.8% 56.1% 9.8 $9,204 27.1% 7.9% 1.8% Honduras* 69.0% 50.2% 10.4 $10,244 27.2% 10.8% 2.5% Nicaragua* 72.5% 42.7% 12.0 $10,506 17.4% 4.0% 1.9% South America Total 73.6% 44.4% 12.6 $13,911 13.6% 4.3% 0.8% Colombia* 71.7% 38.4% 12.4 $11,759 16.4% 4.8% 1.4% Ecuador* 71.1% 48.9% 11.8 $11,848 19.0% 5.8% 0.7% Peru* 73.0% 51.5% 12.7 $11,996 11.7% 3.0% 0.2% *Central and South American groups are listed if they had more than 200 persons in the pooled CPS sample. ** Recent arrivals represents the percentage of immigrants who arrived in the previous ten years.

16. Census 2000:Top 10 States By Latino Population

17. Census 2000:Top 10 Latino States By Percent Of Total Latino

18. Census 2000:Top 10 States By Latino Percent Change

23. Immigrant Children and Youth • Research & Theory is largely focused on adults • One in Five Children in the U.S. is the child of an immigrant -- one in four in one generation • Immigrant children are now the fastest growing sector of U.S. child population • School Adaptation Patterns • Second Generation Improvement/Third Generation Decline • Best of Times Worst of Times Prison/Princeton Yale/Jail

24. Birth Outcomes of Mexican-Born, U.S.-Born Mexican American, and White Non-Latina Women in California, From Emerging Issues in Hispanic Health, National Research Council, 2002, p. 16 U.S.-Born Mexican American Women Mexican-Born Women Non-Latina White Women Infant Mortality per 1,000 live births 7.4 5.3 5.7 Low-birthweight babies (%) 6.3 4.0 5.6 Neonatal mortality per 1,000 live births 4.8 3.6 3.7 Postneonatal mortality per 1,000 live births 2.6 1.7 2.1

25. TABLE 6 Lifetime Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Migrant Workers and Residents in the Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey, Among Residents of Mexico City, and Among Respondents to the National Comorbidity Survey^ Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey Respondents, % (SE) Comorbidity Survey Respondents, % (SE) Migrant Workers Immigrants <13 Years in U.S. Immigrants >13 Years in U.S. U.S. – Born Mexico City Respondents % (SE) Hispanic Sample Total Any mood disorder 5.9 (0.8) 5.9 (1.4) 10.8 (2.0) 18.5 (1.7) 9 0.1) 20.4 (2.8) 19.5 (0.6) Any anxiety disorder 12.1 (1.1) 7.6 (1.2) 17.1 (2.1) 24.1 (2.0) 8.3 (0.8) 28.0 (2.5) 25.0 (0.8) Any drug or dependence 10.0 (1.1) 9.7 (2.6) 14.3 (1.9) 29.3 (2.0) 11.8 (0.8) 24.7 (2.7) 28.2 (1.0) Any disorder 21.1 (1.5) 18.4 (2.7) 32.3 (2.6) 48.7 (2.3) 24.7 (51.4) 51.4(2.7) 48.6 (1.0) SE, standard error. ^All prevalence rates are adjusted to the National Comorbidity Survey’s total age-sex distribution and are for people ages 18 to 54. SOURCE: Alderete et al. (2000). Reprinted with Permission.

29. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEW INTER-AMERICAN IMMIGRATION SYSTEM By 2000, over 50% of All Immigrants to the USA Originated in Latin America or the Caribbean. THREE DOMINANT FEATURES: Uninterrupted ‘flows’ of large scale Mexican immigration--rapidly intensifying after 1980-- structured by powerful economic forces and socio-cultural practices unaffected by unilateral policy initiatives. By 1990 there were more legal immigrants from Mexico alone than from all of Europe combined. By 2000 over 7 million Mexican immigrants were living in the USA--constituting a third of the total foreign-born population of the country. More than one quarter of all Mexican immigrants arrived in the last five years. Mexican immigrants constitute 40 percent of the Mexican-origin population of the US. About 40 percent of all undocumented immigrants in the USA today are Mexicans. Time-limited ‘waves’ of large scale immigration from Central and South America--by the 1980’s Central American replaces Cuba as the largest source of asylum seekers from the Spanish- speaking world. During the early 1980s well over a million Central Americans settled in the USA. Today one in every six Salvadoreans lives in the USA. (10 years = 1 mill. law). About 2 million Colombians have been displaced by the war – roughly 500,000 now make the US their home. Caribbean pattern of intense circular movement--driven by transnational circuits--typified by the Dominican and PR experience in New York where they are now the largest immigrant group.

30. KEY POINTS •  Structural demand for foreign workers remains; indeed seems to be recession proof. •  The recent immigration momentum, the 4th largest wave the 20th century, seems structured by economic forces, social practices, & cultural models that are not easily contained by unilateral policy initiatives. •  Paradox of Transnationalism: While transforming Latin America (1million = 1 bill. law), Latinos are transforming the US

31. Concluding Thoughts • Current trends suggest that our country and the state of Illinois will be more diverse in the future • Current trends suggest diversity will penetrate and transform all sectors of our country and your community from the research at the University, to a more global student body, and a more diverse population • Current trends suggest that next generation is more likely than ever before in human history to need need the skills and sensibilities to work with others that will be of different race, color, religion, national origins, and linguistic background • Diversity is at the heart of democracy's promise and it is also a most invigorating force