UNIT 3: CHAPTER 9

1. UNIT 3: CHAPTER 9 TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY 1815-1840

2. WESTWARD EXPANSION • BY 1790 NON-INDIAN POP 4M PEOPLE LIVED EAST OF THE APP MTS; W/IN FEW HUNDRED MILES OF AT OCEAN • BY 1840 1/3 OF POP JUST OVER 17M LIVING BET. APP MTS & MISSISSIPPI RIVER---CALLED OLD NORTHWEST & OLD SOUTHWEST

3. WESTWARD EXPANSION • SWEEP WEST • WESTERN SOCIETY & CUSTOMS • FAR WEST

4. FEDERAL GOV’T & THE WEST • REVIEW LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 & NW ORDINANCE OF 1787 • PROMISED LAND TO THOSE WHO ENLISTED IN WAR OF 1812 • NATIONAL ROAD—AUTHORIZED IN 1811 • AFFECTS ON INDIANS---LAND AGREEMENTS, TREATIES, ---ABANDONMENT BY BRITISH

5. REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS • 1830 PASSAGE OF INDIAN REMOVAL ACT AJ ADMIN • DURING AJ’S TERMS: 100M ACRES OF INDIAN LAND FOR 32M ACRESOF PUBLIC LAND • CHEROKEE NATION V GEORGIA 1831 SHOWCASED AJ’S STAND • ISSUES: 1827 CHEROKEES HAD TRIED TO DEC THEMSELVES AS INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC

6. CHEROKEE NATION V GA • CH MARSHALL RULED AGAINST THE INDIANS YET PROCLAIMED THEM AS A WARD OF THE U.S. “DOMESTIC DEPENDENT NATION” • SECOND CASE TO NOTE: WORCESTER V GEORGIA—DEC. “DISTINCT” POL. COMM. ENTITLED TO FED. PROTECTION • AJ RESPONDS—”MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS DECISION, NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT. “

7. TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 • CHEROKEES FORCIBLY REMOVED TO NEW IND TERR –OKLAHOMA • INFAMOUS TREK WAS KNOWN AS “TRAIL OF TEARS”

8. CON’T • AGRICULTURAL BOOM • GROWTH OF MARKET ECONOMY • SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE VS COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL • CASH CROPS • MARKET ECONOMY

9. WESTWARD EXPANSION • FEDERAL LAND POLICY • SPECULATOR & SQUATTER • PANIC OF 1819

10. TRANSPORTATION REV.: STEAMBOATS, CANALS, & RR • 1807 ROBERT LIVINGSTON & ROBERT FULTON INTRODUCED STEAMBOAT: CLERMONT

11. TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION • GIBBONS V OGDEN 1824 S.C. CASE OVER MONOPOLY ISSUE WITH L-F • NEXT: CANALS • 1817-1825 NY ERIE CANAL—CONNECTING HUDSON RIVER WITH LAKE ERIE • ENABLED TRIP FROM OHIO TO NYC WITH A CONTINUOUS STRETCH OF WATERWAY

12. NEXT: RAILROADS • 1825 FIRST COMMERCIAL RR BEGAN OPERATION • NOT UNTIL LATER DID TRANSCONTINENTAL RR COME ABOUT • 2 ISSUES: 1. RR PRIVATELY OWNED; NOT GOV’T 2. MORE EXPENSIVE TO SHIP BY RR RATHER THAN BY CANAL

13. GROWTH OF CITIES • PGS. 259-263 ON YOUR OWN INDUSTRIAL BEGINNINGS • U.S. LAGGED BEHIND GB WITH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • SAMUEL SLATER 1789 IMMIGRATED TO US • DESIGNED & BUILT FIRST COTTOM MILL

14. CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • EM ACT OF 1807 • ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • TENSIONS IN RURAL ECONOMIES • NEW TECHNOLOGIES • DESIRE TO CUT COSTS • NAMES SUCH AS FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL; ELI WHITNEY

15. WALTHAM & LOWELL MILLS • TURNED OUT FINISHED FABRICS THAT ONLY LEFT ONE ADDITIONAL STEP: STITCHING INTO CLOTHES • 80% WORKERS YOUNG UNMARRIED WOMEN • WORKERS HAD TO LIVE IN COMPANY HOUSING; ATTEND CHURCH ON SABBATH; COMPANY’S “MORAL POLICE”

16. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CON’T • ARTISANS & WORKERS IN MID-ATLANTIC CITIES • EQUALITY & INEQUALITY • URBAN INEQUALITY : THE RICH & THE POOR

17. CON’T • FREE BLACKS IN THE NORTH • “THE MIDDLING CLASSES”—TERM APPLIED TO FAMILIES HEADED BY PROFESSIONALS, SMALL MERCHANTS/MANUFACTURERS/SELF-EMPLOYED/LAND OWNERS • TITLE TO MOST AM AT THE ANTEBELLUM TIME IN HISTORY (BEFORE CIVIL WAR)

18. REVOLUTION IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS • ATTACK ON PROFESSIONS • CHALLENGE TO FAMILY AUTHORITY • WIVES & HUSBANDS

19. CON’T • HORIZONTAL ALLEGIANCES & RISE OF VOL. ASSOCIATIONS