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Global ecosystems, fisheries and marine protected areas

Global ecosystems, fisheries and marine protected areas. November 10, 2011. Fish biodiversity Harvest and Habitat. Ocean fisheries. As of 1999 – 25-30% overfished & 44% over exploited At that time there were about 1000 designated protected areas worldwide.

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Global ecosystems, fisheries and marine protected areas

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  1. Global ecosystems, fisheries and marine protected areas November 10, 2011

  2. Fish biodiversity Harvest and Habitat

  3. Ocean fisheries • As of 1999 – 25-30% overfished & 44% over exploited • At that time there were about 1000 designated protected areas worldwide. • Currently, there are four times as many (in many different forms).

  4. Global diversity of fish

  5. Fish biodiversity and harvest

  6. Fish biodiversity and harvest

  7. Ocean depletion - CPUE 1952 1958 1952 1958 1964 1964 1980 1980 Myers and Worm 2003

  8. Ocean cod

  9. Ocean depletion

  10. Ocean depletionIrreversible trends will be experienced within the next generation.

  11. The sea! the sea! the open sea! The blue, the fresh, the ever free! -- Bryan W. Procter excerpt from "The Sea" ca. 1837 "Any tendency to over-fishing will meet with its natural check in the Diminution of the supply ... this check will always come into operation long before anythinglike permanent exhaustion has occurred." -- Thomas Huxley, 1883 address to the International Fisheries Exhibition in London We estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems. -- Ransom Myers and Boris Worm in "Nature" 2003 What this project is about: the truth about ocean decline. This website seeks to review the current problems, from coral-reef death, to kelp forest over-fishing, to global fisheries depletion. We are not exaggerating the problems -- the facts speak loud enough. We want you to realize how serious the problems have become; learn that today's ocean problems are at the global and ecosystem level. -- http://www.shiftingbaselines.org (2003 text)

  12. Olsen et al. 2004

  13. Debate continues! – collapse by 2048 Worm et al 2006

  14. Debate continues! Science 2009

  15. Debate continues! Worm AND Hillborn et al. 2009

  16. Oceans • 70% of land coverage and 95% of biosphere • Currently 1% of biosphere is in some way “protected” by over 4000 parks

  17. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Analogous to wilderness movement of last century • Result of dissatisfaction with management practices • Implemented nationally by NOAA, Fish and Wildlife and National parks service • Implemented internationally by the IUCN • Driven by overall concern for fisheries coupled with experiences from the wars.

  18. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • MPAs, areas designated for special protection to enhance the management of marine resources, show promise as components of an ecosystem-based approach for conserving the ocean's living assets.

  19. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

  20. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Analogous to wilderness movement of last century • But fundamental differences between marine and terrestrial ecosystems – what?

  21. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Analogous to wilderness movement of last century • But fundamental differences – like what? • Dispersal of organisms • Times scale of disturbance or habitat change • Spatial scale of pollution • Migrational and transport corridors are water based (even for sedentary organisms) • Understanding “populations” may be more difficult • Reliance on harvesting

  22. Marine Protected Areas – MPA’s • Support includes: • Preserving diversity • Preserving habitat • Preserving economic interests • Preserving ecosystem service • Preserving cultural assets • Arguments against include • “fencing of the sea” collides with Hugo Grotius’ 1600 exclamation of “freedom of the seas.” • Continuing belief that seas can not be harmed by human deeds and therefore need no protection.

  23. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Study of independent board (National Academy) concluded: • Based on evidence from existing marine area closures in both temperate and tropical regions, marine reserves and protected areas will be effective tools for addressing conservation needs as part of integrated coastal and marine area management.

  24. Marine Protected Areas - Types • Marine Protected Area: Discrete geographical area with specific restrictions to “enhance conservation” through an integrated plan. Examples: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary • Marine Reserve and Fishery Reserve: Zone in which biological resources are protected from removal or disturbance, includes areas where ESA listed species are a concern Examples: Georges Bank after Cod collapse

  25. Marine Protected Areas - Types • Ecological Reserve: A zone that protects all living marine resources through prohibitions (on fishing or removal of any organisms. Access and recreational activities are often limited. Also referred to as “no-take” zone or fully protected area. Examples: Interior parts of Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (Western Sambos Reserve)

  26. Marine Protected Areas - Types 527,000 km2 of coral reefs - 19% lie within some MPA However, poaching and other risks (sedimentation, pollution, coastal development and overfishing) remains high **Less than 0.01% of world’s coral is at low risk Mora et al 2006

  27. Marine Protected Areas - Types 980 MPA’s worldwide - existing and needed Mora et al.

  28. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • How to create to maximize benefit? • Have to tradeoff biological benefits with economic costs.

  29. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Maximum benefit? For example, spillover

  30. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • How to create to maximize benefit?

  31. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • How to create to maximize benefit?

  32. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Conclusion: Act locally

  33. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Conclusion: Act locally

  34. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) • Conclusion: Act locally • 60% of individuals recruited locally

  35. Benefits of MPAs - ecosystem services

  36. Benefits of MPAs - boundary effects

  37. Trophic relationships in a reef

  38. Guppy population and the influence of predation on life history

  39. Trophic relationships in a reef

  40. Trophic relationships in a reef Mumby et al Nature 2006

  41. Trophic relationships in a reef

  42. Trophic relationships in a reef Mumby et al Nature 2006

  43. Future challenges • Scale and connectedness • EBFM and MSFM - the role of mammals • Economics and exploitation • Interplay between global processes and regional processes - e.g. climate • Politics

  44. MPA’s remain controversial

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