Spain: Dominant Nation during the Age of Early Exploration

The most dominant Nation during the "Age of Early Exploration" searching for new trade routes and the one most responsible for the settlement of the Americas during the 1500's was... A. Spain B. France C. England D. Germany

The Spanish in the Americas 2

1) What were the long term impacts of the Crusades? A. Mistrust and hatred among Christians, Jews and Muslims. B. Crusaders brought home new goods (spices, clothes and perfumes) and opened new trade routes from the East. C. Ferdinand and Isabel rose to power in Spain and became "Defenders of the Faith" D. All of the above

Long term consequences of The Crusades Mistrust and hatred among Christians, Jews, and Muslims. As Crusaders brought home exotic spices, cloths and perfumes from the East, they exposed Europeans to new goods. These goods increased the desire for new trade routes to the East! Sept 11, reveals long term mistrust and hatred European merchants sell Middle Eastern goods The Middle Ages 4

Long term consequences of The Crusades Some came to believe that the Crusades included re-taking any lands that had previously been ruled by Christians that had fallen to Muslim rulers. Spain had fallen to Muslim invaders in 700 AD. Many Christians fled to the Northern mountains of Spain. Over a three hundred year period, Christian Kings and Muslim Caliphs fought for control of Spain. In 1492 the Christian Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabel, were successful in uniting Spain, and forcing the Muslims out. The Middle Ages 5

Long term consequences of the CrusadesIn many ways the Americas were the last Crusade Gold Glory God The Middle Ages 6

The transfer of goods, ideas, and people A. Columbian Exchange B. Treaty of Trades and Goods in the Americas C. Treaty of Tordesillas D. Triple Transfer

The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange is defined as the exchange of goods, people, and ideas from the New World to the Old World and the Old World to the New World. The Middle Ages 8

The Columbian Exchange: Global Corporate Structure The Columbian Exchange created an economic association between Europe and America. For Europe, America was a laboratory for unmonitored capitalistic exploitation. The experimentation of business organizations coupled with ideas of liberty to stimulate investment and profit sharing that ultimately led to many present corporate structures at global levels. The Middle Ages 11

The Columbian Exchange: Global Corporate Structure The Middle Ages 12

The Colombian Exchange “After 1492, the world’s ecosystems collided and mixed as European vessels carried thousands of species to new homes across the oceans. The Columbian exchange is why there are tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, chocolates in Switzerland, and hot peppers in Thailand. It is arguably the most important event in the history of life since the death of the dinosaurs.” National Geographic May 2007 The Middle Ages 13

Primary Source: In this excerpt, Christopher Columbus described his impressions of the lands and people that he met on his voyage to the Americas. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow.On my reaching the Indies, I took by force, in the first island that I discovered, some of these natives that they might learn our language and give me information in regard to what existed in these parts; and it so happened that they soon understood us and we them wither by words or signs, and they have been very serviceable (helpful) to us. They are still with me, and, from repeated conversations that I have had with them, I find that they still believe that I come from heaven…..And thus they all, men as well as women, after their minds were at rest about us, came, both large and small, and brought us something to eat and drink, which they gave us with extraordinary kindness… What was Columbus' primary motive for teaching the American Indians his language? A. Because he wanted to be friends with the American Indians and live together peacefully. B. Because he wanted to find out information regarding what existed in the Americas. C. Because he wanted the American Indians to believe he was sent from Heaven.

Primary Source: In this excerpt, Christopher Columbus described his impressions of the lands and people that he met on his voyage to the Americas. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow.On my reaching the Indies, I took by force, in the first island that I discovered, some of these natives that they might learn our language and give me information in regard to what existed in these parts; and it so happened that they soon understood us and we them wither by words or signs, and they have been very serviceable (helpful) to us. They are still with me, and, from repeated conversations that I have had with them, I find that they still believe that I come from heaven…..And thus they all, men as well as women, after their minds were at rest about us, came, both large and small, and brought us something to eat and drink, which they gave us with extraordinary kindness… Why did Columbus believe the American Indians treated he and his men with such kindness? A. Because they wanted to be friends with Columbus and his men and live in peace. B. Because they wanted to trick Columbus and then attack him and his men. C. Because they believed Columbus and his men were sent from Heaven.

For which country(s) did the following Explorers: Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Vasco Nunez de Balboa and Ferdinand Magellan sail and or work? A. Spain B. Great Britain C. France D. Portugal

Spain Spain Portugal Portugal Italy? Catalan Jew Spain Spain Italy Spain Spain Spain Portugal

Why did Spain and Portugal search for new trade routes to the East? A. They wanted to go to the Americas because they had heard of the gold and riches. B. The Silk Road was too hard to travel on due to the terrain and the lingering effects of the Crusades and warfare in the region. C. They wanted conquer new lands for Spain in the East. D. All of the above.

Long Term Consequences of the CrusadesMap it in your workbook Search for new trade routes The Silk Road linked Asia to the Middle East. For many years Muslim traders had used the Silk Road to bring goods such as silks, spices, herbs and perfumes to the Middle East. The Silk Road was difficult to travel due to the terrain. The lingering effects of the Crusades and warfare in the region made it even more difficult. As a result, explorers began looking for alternate routes. The Silk road went from the Middle East to Asia. Travelers crossed deserts, rivers, mountains and forests. They braved the terrain, the elements, and robbers. The Middle Ages 19

Why did Cortez,the Spanish conquistador, so easily defeat the Aztecs? A. The Aztecs were dying from Small Pox brought by European Explorers. B. There were fewer Aztecs. C. The Europeans were better fighters. D. Women and children made it difficult for Aztec warriors to fight invading Europeans.

Who was the Italian sailor, hired by Isabel of Spain to find a new trade route to the Far East? A. Christopher Columbus B. Prince Henry of Portugal C. Hernando de Soto D. John Cabot

This nation used the inquisition to impose Catholicism upon all of it's subject. For centuries they took on the role of "Defender of the Faith". A. Spain B. France C. England D. Portugal

Long term consequences of the Crusades In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabel returned Spain to Christian rulers. In an effort to consolidate their power they began the Inquisitions (punishment of Heretics). Non-believers were forced to convert or were punished or banished. In the centuries following, Spain took on the role of Defender of the Faith (Catholicism). They instituted the Inquisition in all the lands they conquered, and enforced Catholicism throughout their empire. Queen Isabel King Ferdinand The Middle Ages 23

Agreement signed between Spain and Portugal in which Portugal agreed to move the Line of Demarcation farther west, which gave Portugal rights to all of Africa, as well as Brazil in South America. A. Treaty of Ghent B. Treaty of Versailles C. Magna Carta D. Treaty of Tordesillas

The Spanish in the Americas The Treaty of Tordesillas, pg 20 The Line of Demarcation, pg 20 The Middle Ages 25

The Spanish in the Americas The Middle Ages 26

What were two negative effects of European Exploration? A. 1) Illnesses spread from Europe to the Americas, and from the the Americas to Europe. 2) Foods, such as tomatoes, and corn spread from the Americas to Europe. B. 1) Foods such as tomatoes and corn spread from the Americas to Europe. 2) The horse gave Native Americans the ability to be mounted hunters. C. 1) Illnesses spread from Europe to the Americas, and from the the Americas to Europe. 2) Native American cultures were changed and often destroyed. D. All answers are correct.

What was a positive outcome of European Exploration? A. Foods, such as tomatoes and oranges were exchanged between continents. B. Knowledge and information was exchanged between continents. C. Domesticated animals, such as the horse were brought to the Americas and enabled Native Americans to become mounted hunters. D. All answers are correct

Which of the following colonies was started to ensure religious freedom to Catholics? • A. Massachusetts Bay Colonies • B. Jamestown • C. Maryland • D. Plymouth Colonies • E. All answers are correct

Settling the Southern Colonies 1. Why was Maryland founded? To provide a safe place for Catholics to practice their faith 2. Who was Lord Baltimore? Read Page 141-142 There were two Lord Baltimores, George Calvert (the father) and Cecil Calvert (the son) George tried to receive permission to start a colony... he died before he was successful. Cecil received permission and started the colony of Maryland in 1632 3. What was the Toleration Act? A law that guaranteed all Christians the right to worship as they pleased

Use the map below to identify where the Plymouth colonies were located: Plymouth A B C

Use the map below to identify where the Plymouth colonies were located: Jamestown A B C

Use the map below to identify where the Plymouth colonies were located: Maryland A B C

Separatist & Puritan Pilgrims Catholic Pilgrims Read Page 141-142 Jamestown

What was the primary reason for the settlement of Jamestown? • A. Freedom of Religion. • B. To make money. • C. To escape the civil war in England. • D. It was established as a prison colony.

Jamestown * Charter: A legal contract ** Joint Stock Company: Shared ownership (stock) in a company John Smith was one of 7 governors chosen to lead the enterprise. Jamestown colonists given the same powers in governing in the Americas, as the English were given to govern at home. - known as salutary neglect or benign neglect In June of 1606, King James I granted a charter* to a group of London businessmen. The Virginia Company, a joint-stock company**, was organized to establish a English settlement in the Chesapeake region of North America.

Geography: Jamestown, the first successful English Colony The Virginia Company landed in Chesapeake Bay on May 14th, 1607. The site was chosen based on what it could provide: 1. Protection from the elements (ocean currents, storms, etc). 2. Protection from Spanish spies. (Spain controlled the majority of the Americas in 1607.) 3. Deep water ways in which ships could easily navigate. James River Powhatan Indians Tidewater Region Chesapeake Bay “Great Shellfish Bay”

Which of the following statements about indentured servitude is correct? • A. Indentured Servants were men, women and children of both African descent and from the poor white class in England that were brought to the Americas where they were purchased by “free” colonists (both Black & White) to work as a “servant” for a certain period of time. • B. Both African and European indentured servants had the same status and rights in the Colonies. • C. Native American indentured servants were the most sought after because they knew the land and were hard workers. • D. All answers are correct. • E. Two answers are correct

Who were they? Made up of -gentlemen -adventurers -craftsmen -laborers Appx 1/3 were indentured servants Building James Fort What archaeology has uncovered

Indentured Servants Indentured Servants: Men, women and children of both African and English descent that were brought to the Americas where they were purchased by “free” colonists (both Black & White) to work as a “servant” for a certain period of time.

Indentured Servant As servants, they were housed and fed by their employers until they had completed their contract of service. (Usually 7 years) Once their term had been served, indentured servants were given their "freedom dues," which usually included land, supplies, and a gun. Black-skinned or white-skinned, they became free. They had worked off their debt and could now go and start a new life of their choosing in America.

Indenture Agreement Indenture Agreement This indenture made the ____________day of ____________________ in the eighth yeere of our Soveraigne King James, etc. ___________________________ doth promise to the Virginia Company to serve fro the day of the date hereof until his arrival in Virginia, and after during the terme of ___________years in such service as the Virginia Company shall imploy him. In consideration whereof, the Virginia Company doth promise to pay for his passage, and find him Meat, Drinke, Apparelle and Lodging with other necessaries. And at the end of the terme to give him one whole yeere of corne. In Witness thereof, ___________________________________hath put his hand and seale.

What happened to the first settlement funded by Queen Elizabeth I in North America? • A. They disappeared. They were later found living with the Cherokee in Florida. • B. They ran out of food and turned to the Spanish for help. • C. Their first attempt was successful. It was later turned into the first colony "Virginia", named after the first settler born in the colonies- Virginia Dare • D. They disappeared. The only clue to their disappearance is the word CROATOAN carved into a post.

Jamestown:Background Readings • For a clearer understanding of what occurred at Jamestown read pages 122-126 in your history textbook. Answer the questions in your packet. • Why was Roanoke unsuccessful the first time it was established? What happened? • B. What was the name of England’s first permanent colony in America? • C. What hardships did the first settlers in Jamestown face? • D. What role did Captain John Smith play in the success of the once struggling Jamestown settlement? • What was the crop that finally helped Jamestown and its economy flourish and grow? • F. Who had the authority to refuse laws passed by the House of Burgesses? Colonists ran short of food and fled for England at the first chance Jamestown No experience living in the wilderness, many died from the hard life Ordered the colonists to start building up the colony and bargained with the Native Americans for supplies Tobacco Governor of the London Company

What is the best definition of the “Great Migration?” • A. Thousands of Englishmen died • B. The migration of over 16,000 Puritans (30,000) to the Americas from 1630- 1640. • C. Thousands of Europeans migrated across North and South America • D. Three answers are correct.

America’s Pilgrims Define the following terms: Great Migration, Commonwealth, toleration, Fundamental Order of Connecticut Great Migration: The migration of over 16,000 Puritans (30,000) to the Americas from 1630-1640 Commonwealth: A self governing political unit Toleration: The acceptance of different beliefs Fundamental Order of Connecticut: The minister Thomas Hooker led a group to Connecticut. They developed a written plan of government or constitution. It allowed for a elected assembly and elected governor

Pilgrims The Background Story As the Civil War came to a head Separatists, Puritans, Catholics and High Anglicans fled England and came to America where they could practice religion as they wished. This is known as the Great Migration (appx 30,000 immigrants came to the Americas) Be sure to write the remainder of the text in your workbook in the notes section

Who were the individuals involved in the colonization of Massachusetts Bay Colonies (be careful to differentiate between Mass Bay Co. and Plymouth Colony)? • A. William Brewster, Squanto, Massasoit • B. John Winthrop, William Bradford, Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson. • C. Lord Baltimores (Cecil Calvert & George Calvert). • D. John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas

Settling the New England Colonies 1. Why did the Puritans settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony? They hoped to build a Christian Society that would be a model for the rest of the world... A city upon the hill 2. Why did settlers move from Massachusetts Bay to Rhode Island and Connecticut? Read Pages 132-135 in your text Puritans did not believe in religious toleration, those who believed differently left to establish their own settlements 3. Who is (A) John Winthrop? (B) Roger Williams? (C) Anne Hutchinson? (D) And Thomas Hooker? 4. Define the following: (A) Great Migration, (B) Commonwealth, (C) Toleration, (D) Fundamental Order of Connecticut

The American Pilgrims • America & Religion Who are (A) John Winthrop? (B) Roger Williams? (C) Anne Hutchinson? (D) Thomas Hooker? John Winthrop Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson: An intelligent woman who led a bible study group. She preached that God spoke to man directly; not through the church. When kicked out of Massachusetts she settled in Rhode Island John Winthrop: A well to do lawyer and landowner, he was granted a charter by Charles I to form the Massachusetts Bay Company Roger Williams: A young preacher that wanted separation of church and government (state)

Spain: Dominant Nation during the Age of Early Exploration