A Mind of Her Own Anne Campbell

1. A Mind of Her OwnAnne Campbell Chapter 4: Who does she think she is? Women and status Jessica Lyon Danielle Worrill Vanessa Koman

2. Dominance as a Male Goal Factors affecting status: Animals: Physical size and strength Humans: Material Wealth Positions of power Knowledge and competence of a culturally valued trade

3. High Status and Reproductive Success through history • In aristocratic societies: Polygamy • Men with wealth and power had many reproductive opportunities • Resources • Power • In egalitarian societies: Monogamy • Men with better hunting skills was more likely to have affairs and illegitimate children • Indispensable to tribe • Others pledged loyalty for food provided

4. Recent Trends Is there a diminishing relationship between status and reproductive success? High and low status families have comparable numbers of children Factors contributing to this trend: Monogamy Contraception *BUT, male competition for dominance is for reproductive access, not number of offspring.

5. Why Female Dominance Buys Female reproductive success is defined by the survival of offspring in whom females are already invested Quantified by: • Number of offspring born • Number of young surviving to reproductive maturity • Age and point in breeding season when first conception occurs

6. Advantages of Female Dominance • Regular and ample food supply accelerates growth, sustains gestation and lactation, mother’s survival through times of famine • Not subject to harassment • less likely to have stress-induced reproductive suppression • infants less likely to be harmed by other adults • If rank is heritable, the offspring will also share the same benefits

7. Who is the Prettiest of them all? Criteria for high status females: • Physical attractiveness • Belonging but not excelling • To blend in rather than stand out * To be attractive to boys without alienating other girls

8. Growing up Competitivebehavioral sex differences come about at a very early age cross culturally BoysGirls • More aggressive More cooperative • Prefer playing in large Form “dyads”, “triads” or groups close friends • Resolve problems using Give up on a game when rules arguments arise • 65% of free time playing 35% of free time playing games games

9. Social DominanceMuch more important to boys Five ways boys use speech to dominate • Giving orders • Calling people names • Threatening/ boasting • Refusing to obey orders • Winning arguments Girls don’t need to do those things

10. Self Esteem • Boys may use this to hide their actual insecurity • Look for friends with worse performance and worse status to increase their own self-esteem • Men do not discuss deep topics with other men for fear of it leaking out and ruining their reputation

11. Men and Friendships • Not too many close male friendships • See male-female relationships as more meaningful and intimate • Don’t think much if a friendship fades or is lost

12. Women and Status • Humans prefer patrilocal residence • Girls are less competitive than boys and solve disagreements verbally • more concerned with intimacy and equality

13. Women as leaders • Women downplay their abilities and intelligence • more likely to rule democratically as opposed to ruling like a dictator • female co-workers conversations • Women trade high status for female-female friendships

14. Benefits -Females get resources necessary for offspring survival -males get a “ticket in the copulatory lottery of possible fatherhood” Costs Competition can be deadly “failed revolution” for female bonded primates death of offspring human females fear for their reputation & fears being excluded from their clique Why winning is Dangerous • winning for females, leads to rejection

15. Agency vs. Communion • Agency -individual • Communion -merge • Circumplex Model of Personality

16. Dominance • Bems Sex-Role Inventory • Instrumentality and Expressiveness - Spence

17. Female bonds • Chimps; non Bonded females • The socialization of Bonobos • Lemurs, Baboons, vervets, macaques • The role of Food in Dominance

18. Dominance Hierarchy in Primates • Lemurs, Baboons, vervets, macaques • The role of Food in Dominance

19. Dominance • Matril Line dominance • A F……Z  Mother 2nd daughter first daughter • new females enter at the bottom • Beneficial for females to become high ranking

20. Gender Knowledge vs. Gender Differences • Stereotypes • Can children I.D. gender differences

21. Gender Differences • What happens when one identically twin boy is raised as a girl? • Lesions in the Female and Male brain • Characteristics of socially accepted males and females picture compliments of twins realm.com