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Business Cycles & Fluctuations

Discover the intricate dynamics of business cycles, from peaks to troughs, expansions to contractions, and their impact on GDP, employment, and more. Learn about recession, depression, and the various types of unemployment that affect economies worldwide.

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Business Cycles & Fluctuations

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  1. Business Cycles & Fluctuations

  2. http://www.investopedia.com/video/play/business-cycle/

  3. Business Cycle Business cycles are alternating periods of rising and falling real GDP. • Can interrupt the nation’s economic growth • The economy follows the Business Cycle regularly.

  4. RECESSION A period during which GDP declines for at least two quarters in a row [6 months] Can have widespread effects on production, income, employment, and sales across the economy

  5. PEAK When an expansionis ending and the economy will proceed to a contraction, the peak occurs. A recession begins when the economy reaches a peak: the point where GDP stops going up. A peak is at the highest level of real GDP.

  6. Peak • When the economic cycle peaks: • The economy stops growing (reached the top) • Wages are at their highest • GDP reaches maximum • Businesses can’t produce any more or hire more people • Business maximize profits • Unemployment is at its lowest • Cycle begins to contract

  7. TROUGH [“Trawf”] • The end of a recession. The point where GDP stops rising and begins to decline. When a contraction ends and the economy will proceed to an expansionary phase, the trough occurs. A trough is at the lowest level of real GDP.

  8. Trough • When the economic cycle reaches a trough: • Economy “bottoms-out” (reaches lowest point) • Wages are at their lowest • Borrowing is at its lowest • High unemployment and low spending • Stock prices drop

  9. EXPANSION • A period of recovery from recession. • Continues until the economy reaches a new peak. An expansion is a phase of the business cycle during which real GDP rises .

  10. Expansion • During a period of expansion: • Wages increase • Low unemployment • People are optimistic and spend more money • High demand for goods • New businesses start • Easy to get a bank loan • Businesses make profits and stock prices increase

  11. Contraction A contraction is a phase of the business cycle during which real GDP falls.

  12. Contraction • During a period of contraction: • Businesses cut back production and layoff people • Wages decrease • Unemployment increases • Number of jobs decline • People are pessimistic (negative) and stop spending money • Banks stop lending money

  13. Depression • If a recession is very severe, it could lead to a depression: • A state of the economy with: • Large numbers of people out of work • Major shortages and • Low production [excess capacity in • manufacturing plants]

  14. UNEMPLOYMENT

  15. Civilian Labor Force The sum of all people 16 years and older who are either employed or actively seeking employment. Excluded: military, imprisoned, institutionalized.

  16. Unemployed • People available for and looking for work during the last 4 weeks. • The number of people who are not working but are actively seeking work

  17. Unemployment rate The number of unemployed divided by the total number of people in the civilian labor force. Number of unemployed =unemployment rate Civilian labor force 15,100,000 = 9.8% unemployment rate 154, 082,000 U.S. on average= 6 %

  18. Underemployment Discouraged workers:people who give up and stop looking for work. [not included in the unemployment rate] Underemployed workers who would like to work more hours or prefer a job that better matches their skills.

  19. Frictional Unemployment Workers changing jobs or waiting to go to a new job Short-term unemployment that occurs while workers search for the jobs best suited for their skills and interests.

  20. Structural Unemployment Fundamental changes in the economy that reduces the demand for some workers. Arises from a mismatch of skills between job seekers and the types of jobs available.

  21. Technological Unemployment Occurs when workers are replaced by machines or automated systems that make their skills obsolete. ATMS/Bank Tellers

  22. Cyclical Unemployment Relates to a change in the business cycle. Joblessness caused by economic contraction. During contraction, production [measured as GDP] declines. Business stop hiring or lay workers off. Recession/Depression

  23. Seasonal Unemployment Results from seasonal changes in the weather or in demand for certain season-related jobs. landscaping, agricultural jobs, beach resorts.

  24. Our Unemployment Rates • Philadelphia: 4.9% (Feb 2016) • Pennsylvania: 5.3% (Feb 2016) • United States: 4.7% (May, 2016) • Detroit, Michigan: 9.1% (Feb 2016) • *Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor

  25. http://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,1149720836001_2092416,00.htmlhttp://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,1149720836001_2092416,00.html

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