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Arctic Operations Tribal & Cultural Engagement

Arctic Operations Tribal & Cultural Engagement. Sudie Hargis D17 Tribal Liaison. Version AS-13 v-3 8/1/13. CG Arctic Mission. Why do we conduct missions in the arctic? Related Missions Environmental Protection Maritime Commerce Search & Rescue Law Enforcement National Security

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Arctic Operations Tribal & Cultural Engagement

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  1. Arctic OperationsTribal & Cultural Engagement Sudie Hargis D17 Tribal Liaison Version AS-13 v-3 8/1/13

  2. CG Arctic Mission Why do we conduct missions in the arctic? • Related Missions • Environmental Protection • Maritime Commerce • Search & Rescue • Law Enforcement • National Security • Research/National Policy Issues • Expansion of All Missions • Engagement & Outreach • What do they mean? • A Short Historical Perspective…

  3. Eleven Distinct Cultures • Inupiaq/St Lawrence Yupik • Yup’ik/Cup’ik • Unangax (Aleut)/Alutiiq • Athabascan • Eyak/Tlingit/Haida/Tsimshian • Over 22 Indigenous Dialects • Differences in Continental/Ethnic Origins • Differences in Regions/Subsistence Methods • 229 Federally Recognized Tribes (1934 Indian Reorganization Act) Major Alaska Native Ethnic Groups

  4. Corwin and Bear The Coast Guard Mission in Alaska:A Legacy and Part of Alaskan History Humanitarian Aid: Reindeer imported from Siberia to Alaska 1892 (Capt Mike Healy): Herds grew to 500K by 1941 -- stable food supply **Impact of seal & whale hunting • Ice Rescue: • 1897-1898: Overland Relief Expedition -- Eight whaling ships caught in arctic ice:382 reindeer with sled dogs 1500+ miles through blizzards to Pt. Barrow (3½ months) Federal Presence in Alaska: Revenue Cutter Service was “Judge, Doctor, Policeman” Note our history/reputation is mixed!

  5. Alaska Territorial Guard “Eskimo Scouts” • Organized WWII in response to Hawaii/Japan • Component of US Army 1942-1947 • Missions: • Detected Japanese Incursions • Placed & Maintained Survival Caches • Safeguarded Platinum • Secured Lend-Lease US/USSR air route • US sent over $11 Billion in supplies to Russia • Supplies by air, boat, dog team • 107 Communities/20,000 Personnel (Ages 12-80) • Aleut, Athabascan, Inupiaq, Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian, & Yupik • Key to integration of US military • Recognized in 2000 as U.S. Military Veterans

  6. Alaska “The Great Land” Resource Extraction = Driver for CG/Federal Presence • Alaska Purchase: 1867 • U.S. Laws not extended to Alaska purchase. • American Indian Law not applied to Alaska Natives • Alaska: Military District • Gold Discovery: 1880 • Alaska Seafood: 1885 • $$$ Trillions in minerals, oil, and gas • 2011: Alaska = 209 Million barrels (10% of total U.S.) USRC Rush, Sitka, AK

  7. Federal Indian Policy/Philosophy • Treaty Making Era 1778-1871 • >20 Treaties = Recognition of Sovereignty • The Removal Era 1830-1850 • The Reservation Era 1850-1871 • Allotments – Assimilation 1887-1934 • U.S. Citizenship 1924 • Indian Reorganization Act 1934 • The Termination Era 1953-1968 • The Self-Determination Era 1968-Present • Mandate for Federal G-2-G 2000-Present • “Domestic Dependent Nations”

  8. Key Alaska Native Legislation • 1906: Alaska Native Allotment Act • Authorizes Land Parcels for Alaska Natives up to 160 acres/person • 1924: American Citizenship • American Indians and Alaska Natives • 1934: Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) • Recognizes aboriginal land rights for American Indians and Alaska Natives. • Establishes Federally recognized tribes • 1935: Jurisdictional Act • Allows Indians and Alaska Natives to file court claims for aboriginal land. • Tlingit & Haida Tribes claimed all of Southeast Alaska

  9. Alaska 1959-70 • Supreme Court Upholds 1935 Tlingit Land Claim • State Public land selections • Some on Native lands • Result: Court-ordered Land Freeze • Black Gold! 1969 • All Create Strong Need for Resolution of Issue

  10. Resolution: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) 1971 • 44 Million Acres/$963 Million Settlement • Driven by Alaska Federation of Natives • Extinguishes Native Land and Subsistence Claims • (except Metlakatla, 1888) • 13 Regional Corporations • 12 Regional Non-Profit Associations for social services • 200+ Village Corporations

  11. Native Governance & Consultation: Tribal Consultation is a Mandate -- Executive Order 13175 (2000) • Recognize Tribal Sovereignty • Mandate for federal agency consultation on matters that mayimpactTribal rights, resources, or interests • 229 Federally Recognized Tribes in Alaska • President/Chief Have Official Government Status • D17 Engagement/Consultation

  12. Consultation and Tribal Impacts : What Might Be Triggers? • Air Ops • Vessel Ops • Shore/Cleanup Ops • Wildlife Disturbance • Sacred Sites • Restaurants & Driving • Village Presence • Phone Conversations

  13. U.S. Coast Guard Consultation and Engagement With Tribes and Alaska Native Organizations • In Support of CG Missions Statewide • Ongoing Meetings/briefings: • Tribes • Alaska Native Organizations • Local Governments • Listen/Engage/Respond • Cross-Cultural training for all CG personnel deployed to Arctic • Developing Training for all CG personnel in Alaska • Continuing to focus on tribal engagement & collaboration statewide • Working to identify gaps in connections with tribes Rear Admiral Ostebo (CGD17 Commander) & Vice Admiral Zukunft (Pacific Area Commander) at Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission Meeting in Pt Hope

  14. D17 Tribal Engagement & Consultation • Actively Engage • Visit Tribal Council office when CG Ops/TAD to a village • CG Operations • Vessel/Facility Inspections • Spill Response & Planning • Aids to Navigation • Auxiliary Ops • Notify D17 Tribal Liaison of Tribal interactions • Email/Opsum • POC Info/Date • Concerns/Issues

  15. Complexity of Consultation/Engagement Example: Point Hope, Alaska • Native Village of Point Hope (IRA Tribe) • Governs; does not hold land • Inupiat Community of Arctic Slope (ICAS) (IRA Tribe) • Tikigaq Corporation (ANCSA Village Corp) • Holds surface land rights • Arctic Slope Reg. Corp. (ANCSA Regional Corp) • Holds subsurface land rights (gravel, oil, gold, coal) • North Slope Borough (State/Municipal: Barrow) • Provides services to Point Hope residents • City of Point Hope (2nd class city/state chartered) • Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: 1977 (10 Villages) • Alaska Walrus Commission: 1978 (19 Villages: Nome)

  16. Arctic Operations (Significant CG focus area in 2013) • Ops Summary: • Flag Outreach: Mar – Oct • SONS Oil Spill TTX: June • Mass Rescue (MRO) TTX • WLB Towex/VOSS: Jul • WPB L/E & Educ Ops: Jul • Icebreaker Ops: Jul – Sep • R&D Center Ops: Sep • NSC Ops: Sep • Aviation Ops: Jul & Sep • VIP Visits: Aug • Community Svc: Feb –Aug • Tribal Issues: • CG effort to reduce subsistence impacts • CG effort to communicate with tribes during season H-60 Jayhawk Two Icebreakers WPB Patrol Boat Natl Security Cutter with H-65 Helo WLB Buoy Tender

  17. U.S. Coast Guard Respect for Subsistence • Marine Mammal & Caribou Tracking • Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission • Penthrite (Not in 2013) • Bowhead Whale Hunt Avoidance • Eskimo Walrus Commission • Carcass Survey • Response to issues & complaints • Caribou & Helicopters in Arctic operations • Tracking info from: • Tribes • NSB-DWM • City of Nome • NW Arctic Borough • State of Alaska • Federal Agencies Satellite Tracking Sites

  18. Whaling: Inupiat/Yupik Cultures • Harvest Quotas • Bowhead Science • Whaling Captains: • Umialik = Leader/Chief • Whaling Crews • Who Gets the Whale? • Distribution of Meat • Generosity/Community • Food/Survival

  19. Overall Bowhead/Cutter Op Issues • Do not operate in sensitive or migration/hunt areas unless SAR or other special operation/necessity: • Identified in EA, Oporder, and Wildlife Management maps. • Specific permission is needed to operate in Bowhead quiet zones or other critical areas. • Verify changing marine mammal locations and issues with local Wildlife Management representatives from North Slope Borough and Tribes.

  20. Walrus Issues: Aviation & Cutters • May - Sept: Mothers with Calves • Haul-out Areas Along Coastline • Point Lay/Icy Cape (Up to 10,000 walruses) • Impact of Aircraft Ops: • If still pregnant: walrus will abort fetus • Calves can drown or be crushed • Low Visibility for Aircraft? • Fly inland • Walrus Ahead? • No sudden flight/course changes • Increase distance • Maintain 1500 ft when possible Everyone Onboard is Responsible

  21. Polar Bear Issues: Aviation • Critical Resting Areas: Sea Ice & Barrier Islands • Circling/Hovering Causes Distress • Distressed Bears may become Weaker and Drown • More bears onshore • Air Ops: • See bears? Do NOT approach • Observe signs of distress

  22. Polar Bear Issues: On-Shore • Polar Bears On-Shore resting / scavenging • Polar Bears are faster than YOU • Safety Guidelines: • Always Use a Buddy System Away from Town • Do NOT go Running Near Shore Berm • NEVER Approach a Polar Bear • Move Away or to a Vehicle if bear nearby • Contact NSB-DWM to Report Sightings

  23. Critical Bird Issues • Threatened and endangered bird species gather in pack ice to overwinter and molt • Birds cannot fly during molting process • Vessels can kill birds that cannot fly • Primary molting areas: • Eastern Norton Sound • Ledyard Bay (Cape Lisburne to Point Lay) Over 80,000 Spectacled Eiders in pack ice near St. Lawrence Island

  24. Caribou Issues: Aviation • Caribou calving and feeding areas • Noise/Disturbance Drives them from their feeding areas • Caribou Mosquito Avoidance Herds • Low-Flying Aircraft can spark stampedes • Caribou may crush young animals • Air Ops: • Maintain 1500 ft When Possible • See Caribou? Increase Altitude and Distance Everyone is Responsible

  25. General Subsistence Hunting Issues • June – October is Primary Hunting Season • Alaska Natives Depend on Subsistence Foods • Do NOT Compete with Subsistence • Most land is owned by corporations and Tribes, and not open for hunting without specific permission • CG Operations Can Disrupt Alaska Native Hunting of Caribou, Moose, Seals, and Walruses Please Be Respectful of Subsistence Hunting and Activities

  26. Marine Mammal ReportingIf You See It – Please Report It! • Dead whale? Seal? Walrus? • Take photos/Record location • North of Pt. Hope: • NSB Dept. of Wild. Management (Barrow) • (907) 852-0350 • South of Pt. Hope: • UAF - Marine Advisory Program (Nome) • (907) 443-2397 • gay.sheffield@alaska.edu • 2012: Unusual Mortality Event • CG Carcass Survey Support

  27. More Than Subsistence…It’s a Cultural Existence • Lives are connected to the land and sea • Subsistence is what binds the culture Fears: • Increased Arctic activity will lead to spills • Spills lead to lost food resources/no easy “backup” • Increased shipping = collisions, groundings, etc. • Govt response capabilities appear inadequate • Not enough CG infrastructure present • “Western World” cultural impacts • Erosion of traditional knowledge

  28. Cultural/Foundational Values Alaska Native Values: • Show Respect to Others • Each person has a special gift • Share What You Have • Giving makes you richer • Know Who You Are • You are a reflection on your family • Accept What Life Brings • You cannot control many things • Have Patience • Some things cannot be rushed • Live Carefully • What you do will come back to you • Take Care of Others • You cannot live without them • Honor Your Elder • They show you the way in life • Pray for Guidance • Many things are not known • See Connections • All things are related Coast Guard Values: • Honor • Integrity • Ethical Conduct • Moral Behavior • Loyalty • Accountable to the Public Trust • Respect • We Value our Diverse Workforce • Fairness • Dignity • Compassion • Individual Opportunity and Growth • Teamwork • Devotion to Duty • We are Professionals • Achievement of CG Goals • Responsible • Accept Accountability • We Exist to Serve • We Serve With Pride

  29. Cultural Differences(Differences in operating paradigms) Alaska Native Worldview: • Group Emphasis • Present and Past Orientation • Time: Always With Us • Age • Cooperation • Harmony with Nature • Giving - Sharing • Pragmatic • Mystical • Patience • Listening Skills learned first • Religion: A Way of Life • Should appear modest • Oral • Use of land A Western Worldview: • Individual Emphasis • Future Orientation • Time - Use Every Minute • Youth • Competition • Mastery of Nature • Owning – Saving • Theoretical • Skeptical • Assertiveness • Verbal Skills learned first • Religion: Segment of Life • Put best foot forward • Written • Ownership of land *Note these are generalizations for training discussions

  30. Helpful Hints Chief, President, Council Chair Engage when invited & Relax with Discomfort Listen & Leave Gaps – Silence is Okay! Respect Traditional Knowledge Talking Speed – Slow Down Front Row Seats Are For Elders Respect Elders Teaching & Engaging Are Important! Acronyms This is Hunting & Gathering Season Remember History is a Long Time! Include Food

  31. Community Relations Issues • Alaska Villages generally welcome us • We are CG representatives –ALL THE TIME • Non-verbal cues speak volumes. • Be respectful -- realize that we have little understanding of their culture and the reason they do particular things. • They have survived for thousands of years in this environment – most of us can’t do that! • Don’t be afraid, just be good neighbors! Please Be Role Models for the CG

  32. Alcohol Issues • A lot of Alaska villages have to deal with alcohol issues – • Please support their efforts • Most villages are “Damp” or “Dry” • Alcohol Importation is Illegal • Alcohol is Not Allowed • Possession is Only Legal With a Permit in Barrow and other villages • Do NOT Drink To/From TAD Trips Please Be Part of the Solution We Are Community Role Models

  33. Barrow/Ukpeagvik“Where the Owls are Hunted” • Barrow (725 Miles North of Anchorage) • Average Temp: 40 degrees in Summer -- below freezing 324 days/year • Population: 4400 • Inupiat Eskimo • Whaling/Subsistence Culture • Remote (4 restaurants) • Difficulty Factor x3 for just about everything! • Significant Issues: • High Food cost (107% more than Anchorage) • Subsistence resources: summer hunting/gathering season • Water & Sewage treatment

  34. NomeCommunity Information • Population: ~ 3500 • Region occupied for thousands of years. • Multicultural community • “Hub” transportation for >19 regional coastal communities • Gold seekers since the late 1800’s – a very different culture from most Arctic villages. • 40% of population is Non-Native • Arctic science projects / opportunities

  35. Kotzebue • Kotzebue (549 M NW of Anchorage • 26 M N of Arctic Circle • Pop 3154 (741 students), 3 mile long spit • Inupiat Eskimo • Significant Issues: • High electric costs (> $.50/kWh – 3x higher than Anch) • Wind farm saves $120,000 in annual fuel costs (17 turbines) • Subsistence resources: summer hunting/gathering season • Water • Sewage treatment • Fuel costs (Gas 177% higher/propane 193% higher) • Food cost (107% more than Anch)

  36. Alaska Villages • Point Hope (Tikeraq -- 330 M SW of Barrow) • Pop 713 (208 students), water from lake 6m/$.50 kWh elex • One of oldest continuous Inupiat areas in AK (2500 yrs) • Whaling/mammals/Tribe historically controlled area • Tikeraqmuit Inupiat Eskimos • Koyuk (90 M NE of Nome) • Pop 358 (102 students), habitation 6000-8000 yrs(nomadic) • Gold/coal mining support • Unalit/Malemiut Eskimo • Wales (111 M NW of Nome) • Pop 148 (33 school students) • Whaling, reindeer station, influenza loss • Kinugmiut Eskimo • Selawik (90 M E of Kotz) • Pop 849 (264 school students) • Inupiat Eskimo

  37. Alaska Villages(Continued) • Shishmaref (126 M N of Nome) • Pop 606 (180 students) 5 miles fm mainland, water hauling/honey buckets • Supply center for gold miners • Erosion; village relocation • Kivalina (80 M NW of Kotz): Inupiat Eskimo • Pop 410 (122 students), water from 3 M/30 gal/day limit • Stopover Arctic/Kotz travelers • Bowhead whales • Diomede (135 M NW of Nome) • Pop 117 (32 students), spring water (runs out March); honeybuckets • Whaling, polar bear hunting, seal/walrus • Inagalikmiut Eskimo • Shaktoolik (125 M E of Nome) • Pop 231 (59 students); water 3 M/piped system • Subsistence, reindeer (old) • Malemiut Eskimo

  38. General Village Info • Populations: ~ 100 – 5000 maximum • Arctic has been occupied by Alaska Natives for thousands of years. • Arctic communities are different from each other – some based on whaling, others on walrus, others on reindeer herding or inland fishing and hunting, etc. • Check village characteristics on State of Alaska website: http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CF_CIS.htm • Check local Tribal/Community websites. • If doing community projects, pick small projects or do stages of a project so we can accomplish what we start! The D17 Tribal Liaison is a resource for information

  39. Things to Remember • Cultural Responsiveness First and Foremost • Tribes and community members have a wide range of concerns – ask, don’t guess • Community members can offer suggestions • Remember history is a long time… • On Duty 24/7: NO hidden times or places • Have fun and learn about their culture – they usually like to share traditional knowledge If in doubt, ASK!

  40. Training Feedback • Is this training useful? • Is it engaging? • Would you recommend it to others? • Do you have recommended changes to add/delete? • Please send feedback to D17 Tribal Liaison: • Susan.D.Hargis@uscg.mil Thanks!

  41. U.S. Coast Guard Points of Contact 17th District Commander: Rear Admiral Tom Ostebo 17th District Chief of Staff: Captain Jack Vogt Coast Guard D17 Tribal Liaison: Sudie Hargis Susan.D.Hargis@uscg.mil Office: 907-463-2034 Cell: 907-321-8300

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