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Chapter 7: Test Review Nervous System

Chapter 7: Test Review Nervous System. Explain afferent and efferent nervous system. Afferent- sensory receives and brings info. they have longer dendrites, only the ends can sense info; The body is not in the CNS (axon is); unipolar

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Chapter 7: Test Review Nervous System

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  1. Chapter 7: Test Review • Nervous System

  2. Explain afferent and efferent nervous system • Afferent- sensory receives and brings info. they have longer dendrites, only the ends can sense info; • The body is not in the CNS (axon is); unipolar • Efferent- motor nerve; sends info (response) out to the target cells (usually muscle); multipolar, body • Is in the CNS

  3. Describe sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system • Autonomic Nervous System 2 subdivisions • Deals with involuntary control; this includes such things as the organs, glands etc. • Sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight response; when you get excited, scared, threatened, or exercise • Parasympathetic nervous system- maintains body, conserves energy, increases digestion, (slows metabolism

  4. Define the following supporting cells: ependymal, schwann, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia cells. • Ependymal cells- CNS, surrounds the brain and spinal cord, secretes fluid for protection • Schwann cells- PNS, along the long nerve fibers for protection; phagocytes to destroy damaged tissue • Oligodendrocytes- PNS, along the neurons, forms a protective coat • Astrocytes- CNS, attach nerve cells to capillaries, anchor them, maintain ion balance, place for exchange • Microglia- CNS, protection, engulfs foreign proteins (stuff), phagocytotic

  5. What is a threshold? What is the result? • Threshold is the amount of stimuli it takes in order to create a response • The result is a response

  6. Explain the difference between a chemical and electrical impulse. • Electrical- uses bridges or gap junctions; used for synchronization for example in cardiac muscle • Chemical- neurotransmitters (transmitter substance) will cross the space between the axon of one cell to the dendrites of another; this space is called the synaptic cleft (synapsis) (20-30 nm); acetylcholine, amines, and amino acids are used during this function

  7. What is a myelin sheath? What is their function? • myelin sheath- is formed by support cells, and is used to insulate and protect the axon; also aids in the speed of transmission (helped by the nodes of ranvier)

  8. Which subdivision is in charge most of the time? • Autonomic Nervous System • Deals with involuntary control; this includes such things as the organs, glands etc. • Parasympathetic nervous system-maintains body, conserves energy, increases digestion, (slows metabolism) IN CHARGE MOST OF THE TIME

  9. What nerve tissue type carries impulses? • Neurons- nerve cells that have the ability to carry or transmit impulses

  10. Define the following parts of a neuron: Axon, cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath. • Axon- one per nerve cell; long thin extension, sends signal away from the cell body • Cell body- where all the organelles are (large # of ribosome and mitochondria); most are found in the CNS and their branches are throughout the rest of the body; better protection this way • Dendrites- receives information and will send it to the cell body; short thick branches, increases surface area • myelin sheath- is Formed by support cells, and is used to insulate and protect the axon

  11. Define the following parts of a neuron: terminal buttons (axons terminals), and transmitter substance (neurotransmitters). • Found on the end of the axon you will find little nodules terminal buttons (axonal terminals); they will release a fluid named transmitter substance • terminal buttons (axonal terminals); they will release a fluid named transmitter substance (Neurotransmitters); this substance will cross the synapse to the next neuron or target cell

  12. Explain a converging and diverging circuit.

  13. What is a nociceptor? • Nociceptor- responds to potentially dangerous stimuli that result in pain • Can be an interoreceptor or exteroreceptor

  14. List the 3 functions of the nervous system. • Monitorschanges in the body through the senses • Integrates that information in the brain; determines what needs to be done • Initiates a response on what needs to be done because of the initial change through motor output(muscles or glands are usually used)

  15. Know the parts of the neuron. • Cell body- where all the organelles are (large # of ribosome and mitochondria); most are found in the CNS and their branches are throughout the rest of the body; better protection this way • Dendrites- receives information and will send it to the cell body; short thick branches, increases surface area. • Axon- one per nerve cell; long thin extension, sends signal away from the cell body; • myelin sheath- is formed by support cells, and is used to insulate and protect the axon; also aids in the speed of transmission (helped by the nodes of ranvier); on the end of the axon you will find little nodules named terminal buttons (axonal terminals); they will release a fluid named transmitter substance • (Neurotransmitters); this substance will cross the synapse to the next neuron or target cell.

  16. Know the parts of the neuron.

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