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Inertia-Gravity waves and their role in mixing. Geraint Vaughan University of Manchester, UK. Motivation for study. Quasi-monochromatic wave-like features ubiquitous in MST radar data Often seem to be associated with patches of turbulence
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Inertia-Gravity waves and their role in mixing Geraint Vaughan University of Manchester, UK
Motivation for study • Quasi-monochromatic wave-like features ubiquitous in MST radar data • Often seem to be associated with patches of turbulence • Generated in baroclinic regions of the upper troposphere, where horizontal gradients in tracer concentrations occur.
The UK MST radar • 46.5 MHz coded pulses • Runs continuously • Typical height resolution 300m, time resolution 2 min • Measures echo power, winds, turbulence (spectral width)
Inertia-gravity waves Phase velocity Long-period gravity waves, affected by Earth’s rotation. Frequency ~ f Horizontal Wavelength several 100 km Vertical wavelength ~2 km Wind vector rotates elliptically with time or ht. Wave packet = ? km Group velocity z Path traced by wind vector over time Phase front
Example: the case of July 1999 Eastward wind component measured over 4 days, 7-11 July 1999
Echo power (dB), showing that wave modulates static stability Spectral width, indicating (weak) turbulence EASTWARD WIND MAXIMA
Wave components • u΄, average from 17h to 19h on 8 July • u΄, 14-14.3 km • Hodograph from 13-17 km as a) • Hodograph in time as b) Wave period: 14 h (0.9f) Vertical λ: 2 km Horizontal λ: 330 km
Wave sources • Strong deceleration at jet stream level (e.g. jet exits or highly curved jets) • Baroclinic instability • Instability of a horizontal shear layer • Convection • Orographic forcing
Baroclinic instability After Griffiths and Reeder, QJRMS 1996 MST data during passage of cold front
Instability of shear layer Meteosat water vapour images every 12 hrs from 06h 7 March 1997
Potential vorticity at 320 K, 00h 8 March, showing high-PV streamer 700 mb chart, 12h 8 March, showing development of surface low pressure
Statistical studies of IGW occurrence • Use complete MST radar archive 1990-2005 (data sparse before 1996 but continuous thereafter) • Look for quasi-monochromatic long-period disturbances • Evaluate frequency distributions for wave occurrence and wave parameters • Link to synoptic pattern
Algorithm • Median average MST winds over 30 min • Apply 5 km high-pass filter to each 30 min profile • Median average filtered profiles over 3 hours • Use band-pass filter to separate oscillations with periods 4-8 hrs and 12-24 hrs (over 10 days) • Identify rotation of wind vector through 360º • Fit ellipses to rotating wind segments
Occurrence:Long-period, upward propagating dominate Note change in scale between the two panels Clockwise => upward propagation of energy, vice versa
Height from tropopause: source region near tropopause Downward energy propagation Upward energy propagation Tropopause defined from radar echo power profiles
Vertical wavelength stratospheric tropospheric |Defined by altitude range for 360º rotation of wind vector
Amplitude- semi-major axis of ellipse Cut-off of 0.5 ms-1 used in definition of ellipse
θ Alignment:major axis of ellipse Alignment is the same as the direction of propagation of the wave, with ambiguity of ±180º. It is the angle between the semi-major axis and N
Turbulence • Defined as spectral width of radar echo > 1 ms-1 (eddy diffusivity ε ~ 0.01 W kg-1) • Inertia-gravity waves associated with layers of turbulence around 1% of the time • This is comparable with the incidence of turbulence due to mountain waves
Mesoscale Model simulation (UKMO) Eastward wind component at 150 mb 24 hours into a simulation starting 15/1/99. Note position at jet exit Time-height cross-section of U at the selected grid point
Conclusions • MST radar at Aberystwyth observes I-g waves very often, due to its location at the end of the storm tracks • Observed waves are consistent with the main source at the tropopause • These waves cause mixing in the lower stratosphere and at the tropopause where tracer gradients are large
Passage of a tropopause fold Inertia-gravity wave accentuates shear at top of jet stream, inducing turbulence in a region of tracer gradients
Wave-wave interaction Inertia-gravity waves appear to set up critical layers which result in mountain waves breaking
Aberporth radiosonde 17h 8 July 1999. Temperature perturbations Potential temperature