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Earthquakes

Earthquakes. http://thismodernworld.com/comic-archive. Elastic rebound. http://projects.crustal.ucsb.edu/understanding/elastic/rebound.html. Elastic rebound. Rocks store energy elastically When stored stress exceeds the strength of the friction on the fault OR the strength of the rock… snap.

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Earthquakes

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  1. Earthquakes http://thismodernworld.com/comic-archive

  2. Elastic rebound http://projects.crustal.ucsb.edu/understanding/elastic/rebound.html

  3. Elastic rebound • Rocks store energy elastically • When stored stress exceeds the strength of the friction on the fault OR the strength of the rock… snap. • The longer between quakes, the more energy is stored. The deformation can be measured as a way to predict the size of the next quake.

  4. Basic Earthquake Terms • Focus (Hypocenter): • Epicenter:

  5. Basic Earthquake Terms • Focus (Hypocenter): where the fault ruptures, where the earthquake actually begins. • Usually underground • Rupture can propagate along the surface – size of quake depends on the amount of rupture • Epicenter: point on Earth’s surface above the focus, where surface waves begin

  6. Earthquake waves • Body waves: run through interior of Earth • P (primary) wave – compressional, fast • S (secondary) wave – transverse, slower • Surface waves: ripples at surface of Earth, much slower

  7. Finding the epicenter • Use difference in travel time between P and S wave to find distance to epicenter • Use several stations to triangulate the one place that is the right distance from each station

  8. USGS Earthquakes and plates

  9. USGS

  10. Earthquakes and plates • Diverging: small, shallow • Subduction zone: small to very large, shallow to deep • Suture zone: small to large, shallow to medium depth • Transform: small to large, shallow

  11. Magnitude v. intensity • Magnitude: amount of energy released in the earthquake • Moment magnitude - depends on the area of the surface that ruptures and the average displacement • Estimated by amplitude of seismogram

  12. Dec. 26, 2004, Sumatra http://cbsphilly.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/seismograph1.jpg?w=300

  13. What happened to Richter? • Richter magnitude estimated energy from amplitude of the seismogram • Could not distinguish between very large magnitudes • Required use of a specific seismometer

  14. Intensity • Degree of shaking

  15. Intensity http://www.ualberta.ca/~dumberry/geoph110/seiserqk.htm

  16. Intensity depends on.. • Distance from epicenter USGS

  17. Geologicalsubstrate USGS

  18. Loma Prieta, 1989 USGS

  19. Hazards • Ground motion • Liquefaction • Landslides • Fire • Tsunamis

  20. Ground motion USGS Pakistan, 2004

  21. USGS

  22. Liquefaction Water-soaked sediment; during earthquake, sediment sinks USGS

  23. Loma Prieta USGS

  24. Loma Prieta USGS

  25. Niigata, Japan, 1964 http://www.uwiseismic.com/General.aspx?id=14

  26. Landslides Anchorage, 1964 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/AlaskaQuake-Turnagain.jpg

  27. Northridge, 1992

  28. Fire: San Francisco USGS

  29. http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist/pix49.html

  30. USGS

  31. USGS

  32. San Francisco Chronicle

  33. Tsunami http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2004-tsunami.jpg?uselang=es

  34. http://whatistsunami.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/9.jpg http://www.thesurfchannel.com/newwave/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Tsunami_comic_book_style.png

  35. Hawaii, 1946 http://suite101.com/article/the-1946-aleutian-island-tsunami-a94636

  36. USGS

  37. Dec. 24, 2004 AP

  38. Regions of Earthquake hazard USGS

  39. US Earthquake areas • California http://images.asme.org/MEMagazine/Articles/Web/15037.jpg

  40. US Earthquake Areas • California • Alaska http://wapi.isu.edu/envgeo/EG5_earthqks/images/ALASKATSU16.gif

  41. US Earthquake Areas • California • Alaska • Missouri USGS

  42. New Madrid v. 1906 USGS

  43. US Earthquake Areas • California • Alaska • Missouri • Hawaii

  44. Damage from 10/15 EQ http://www.pdc.org/PDCNewsWebArticles/2006Hawaiiearthquake3/cnn_bigisland1.jpg

  45. http://sepwww.stanford.edu/oldsep/joe/Photos/Hawaii/Kilauea/index.htmlhttp://sepwww.stanford.edu/oldsep/joe/Photos/Hawaii/Kilauea/index.html Earthquake on faults associated with volcanic activity http://www.hawaii.pictures-pacific.com/oahu/east-pali-lookout.html

  46. Earthquake Safety • With your group, brainstorm what to do BEFORE, DURING or AFTER a quake to increase your chances of surviving comfortably

  47. EQ safety and buildings • Unsafe structures: • Unreinforced masonry (brick)

  48. Pakistan, 2005 USGS

  49. Loma Prieta, 1989 Watsonville http://caliearthquakes2.pbworks.com/

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