Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17 Brianna Kunes Period 1

2. The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases, and technology between the Old and New Worlds. New diseases infected immigrants and Amerindians alike, killing many. Horses, pigs, sheep, etc. were brought to the Americas and thrived causing environmental damage-clearing land for pastures, over grazing-useful for meat and hides. New foods exchanged: beans, potatoes, squash from New World and olives, rice, and bananas from Old World

3. Columbian Exchange

4. Spanish America Within 100 years after Columbus’s voyages, Spain owned much of Central America and some areas in South America Europeans tried to establish colonies similar to their homeland, but Amerindian and African cultures blended into Spanish culture Viceroys were Spanish officials in the colonies and had a lot of power in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru, which were each broken into districts ruled by Spanish and natives

5. Spanish America Taxes Missionaries were sent out to convert Amerindians by teaching the elite class their religion and getting rid of old traditions, but the natives were too spread out and their cultural differences were severe…..causing missionaries to fail Searched for mineral wealth Silver dominated the economy, it was difficult to mine Encomiendas and mit’a laborers worked in mines Workers moved to mines: loss of village lifestyle Colonies established illegal commercial relations with Dutch and French: trading was a slow and long process…causing items to be smuggled illegally

6. Spanish America Society Immigrants made up small part of population Creoles: whites born in America to European parents, upper class citizens Conquistadors dominated society Arranged marriages Black status decreased through African slave trade Class separations Mixed racial groups

7. Portugal 100 years after Columbus “discovered” America, Portugal owned Brazil Found little wealth Taxes and missionaries Sugar Plantations dominated the economy and slaves were used, many died from harsh treatment and disease Middleman for Spanish and European trade Influenced by African cultures, African slave trade was a big business Many mixed racial groups

8. Slave Trade

9. English and French Colonies Formed later than South American colonies People saw wealth from New World in Europe and were inspired to move World was connected through trade Small colonies with varied social, culture, religion, and politics.

10. English Colonies First attempt to settle North America was in Newfoundland but they failed Sir Raleigh founded Roanoke which was a failed community twice Jamestown finally became the first successful colony in North America In the southstaple crops were tobacco and indigo, fur trade and timber boomed Indentured servants: immigrants with little money who worked for colonists for free passage to America and land….cheaper and lived longer than Africans House of Burgesses Stono Rebellion- slave rebellion that shocked slave owners and made them more attentive towards servants Charleston was the largest city and planters controlled the economy and politics

11. English Colonies In New England Pilgrims and Puritans settled the land Pilgrims wanted to break away from church and receive religious freedom Puritans wanted to “purify” the church Economy based on shipping services, timber, fur, and fishing Boston was the largest city Few slaves

12. English Colonies The Middle Atlantic region began with the colony of New Netherland, which eventually became New York Made alliances with the Iroquois Confederacy Many slaves Shipping center Pennsylvania was a refuge for Quakers and a large, successful state

13. French America Samuel de Champlain founded New France Allied with Amerindians and participated heavily in fur trade Indians traded furs for tools and guns, furs were sold to Europe Slow population growth Spread west and south French and Indian war resulted in the French losing all of their land to the Spanish and English

14. Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil Spain ruled by Philip V allowed for more trade with colonies and strengthened navy Slave trade increased, people were healthier, the population of immigrants grew, and mining and agriculture increased Tupac Amaru II was a member of the Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities

15. Reform and Reorganization in British America The king wanted more control Suspended elected assemblies, appointed royal rulers, navigation acts Rebellions took place Class structures from Population and the amount of immigrants increase

16. Summary Throughout all the colonies of Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France they all subjugated Amerindian peoples. New ideas were shared, foods and animals exchanged, and new people came together. Cultural diversity increased and religions were spread and mixed with other ones. The people of the Americas were involved in slave trades and wanted wealth. Millions migrated in search of a better life, and were unprepared for what lay ahead in the New World