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Single Lens Imaging System

Single Lens Imaging System. Retina. Photoreceptors. Neurons. Cone. Rod. Optic nerve fibers. Retina. Fovea. Optic nerve. Figure 29.8B. Human photoreceptor cells are named for their shapes Rods Cones. ROD. Cell body. CONE. Synaptic knobs. Membranous discs containing visual pigments.

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Single Lens Imaging System

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  1. Single Lens Imaging System

  2. Retina Photoreceptors Neurons Cone Rod Opticnervefibers Retina Fovea Opticnerve Figure 29.8B

  3. Human photoreceptor cells are named for their shapes • Rods • Cones ROD Cell body CONE Synapticknobs Membranous discscontaining visual pigments Figure 29.8A

  4. Vertebrate Eye Rods Cones Slide 15 Slide 15 Slide 15

  5. Three Cone Opsins (red, green, blue)

  6. R(ed), G(reen) B(lue) Monitors

  7. Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) Built one of the first useful compound microscopes Observed structure of cork Coined the term “Cell”. Published Micrographia (1665)

  8. 1665 Hooke publishes Micrographia 1678 van Leeuwenhoek observes protozoa (“little animals”) 1838-9 Schleiden & Schwann proposed “Cell Theory” 1860 Pasteur confirms Cell Theory 1931 Ruska invents electron microscope 1932 Zerniki develops phase contrast microscopy 1955 Minsky invents the laser scanning microscope (LSM) 1989 Webb, Denk & Strickler invent multiphoton LSM

  9. Anatomy of a Compound Microscope trinocular tube eye piece objective turret stand stage substage condenser base lamp housing

  10. Upright Microscope

  11. Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

  12. Condensers

  13. Koehler IlluminationCondenser lens is adjusted so that an image of the field diaphragm is focused onto the object (specimen) plane

  14. Koehler Illumination 1. focus specimen2. stop down field diaphragm until edges are visible3. focus condenser until image of field diaphragm is sharp4. open field diaphragm until edges are no longer visible

  15. Conjugate Planes of Focus

  16. Path of “Imaging Rays” Conjugate Planes

  17. Path of “Illuminating Rays” Conjugate Planes

  18. Light Paths Illuminating and imaging rays do not share conjugate planes

  19. Projector vs Microscope

  20. Microscope produces a virtual image of the back focal plane of the objective

  21. Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E stain)

  22. Oil immersion n = 1.0 n = 1.52 n = 1.5 n = 1.5

  23. Effect of Oil

  24. Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

  25. Darkfield Images Brightfield Darkfield

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