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Dive Physiology And Medical Aspects

Dive Physiology And Medical Aspects. Underwater Physiology. Respiration Effects of heat and cold Barotrauma Pressure related problems Direct Indirect. Respiration. The breathing cycle Oxygen consumption Carbon dioxide Breath holding Hypoxia hypercapnia/hypocapnia

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Dive Physiology And Medical Aspects

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  1. Dive Physiology And Medical Aspects

  2. Underwater Physiology • Respiration • Effects of heat and cold • Barotrauma • Pressure related problems • Direct • Indirect

  3. Respiration • The breathing cycle • Oxygen consumption • Carbon dioxide • Breath holding • Hypoxia • hypercapnia/hypocapnia • Carbon monoxide poisoning

  4. Approx. 5% Oxygen Consumed Carbon Dioxide Increases 5% Shallow Water Blackout Caused by Excessive Hyperventilation Skip Breathing Causes Hypercapnia Air with Less Than 10% O2 at 1atma Will Not Support Consciousness Respiration Respiration The Process Movement of air into and out of the lungs Transport of oxygen to the cells and removal of carbon dioxide Aorta Pulmonary Artery Mouth, Nose, Throat O2 CO2 Lungs Bronchioles Trachea O2 CO2 Pulmonary Vein Bronchi Capillaries Alveoli Heart Lungs Vena Cava Diaphragm Hemoglobin Molecules in Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen Air Must Pass Through “Dead” Spaces

  5. Effects of Heat and Cold • Heat injuries (hyperthermia) • cramps • exhaustion • stroke • Cold injuries (hypothermia) • Decreased body functions • Decreased mental functions • Shivering, numbness • Related protection requirements

  6. Temperature Injuries Temperature Injuries Progressive Symptoms and Effects Heat Cold - Cramps - Exhaustion - Stroke Profuse Sweating Weakness Malaise Dry, Flushed Skin Cool Victim Oral Fluids No Caffeine/Alcohol - Hypothermia Uncontrolled Shivering Loss of Coord/Dexterity Numbness Warm Victim No Caffeine No Alcohol Symptoms Symptoms 1st Aid 1st Aid

  7. Descent (squeezes) Ears Sinuses Mask Thoracic Teeth Stomach/Intestines Suit Ascent (expansion) Air embolism Pneumothorax Mediastinal Emphysema Subcutaneous Emphysema Pressure Related Problems(direct)

  8. Pressure Related Problems(indirect) • Decompression sickness • Nitrogen partial pressures • Solubility • Nitrogen narcosis • Oxygen toxicity

  9. Nitrogen narcosis Nitrogen Narcosis “Rapture of the Deep” - “Martini’s Law” SURFACE Thinking and Judgment POTENTIALLY Affected 75-100’ Symptoms and Effects on Individual Diver Vary With Depth and Exposure. Communication, Motor and Mental Tasks IMPAIRED 150-175’ • 200’+ NOT IN CONTROL

  10. Barotrauma Direct Pressure Related Problems Indirect Pressure Related Problems Descend and Ascend Slowly to Minimize Potential Problems - Descent (Compression) Squeezes Ear, Sinus, Lung, Stomach, Intestinal, Tooth, Equipment - Ascent (Expansion) Lung Ruptures - Subcutaneous and Mediastinal Emphysema Pneumothorax Air Embolism - Decompression Sickness (The Bends) (DCS) - Nitrogen Narcosis - Oxygen Toxicity Precautionary Decompression Stops (Safety Stops) Help Reduce Bubble Formation and Incidence of DCS NEVER HOLD YOUR BREATH ON SCUBA!

  11. Physiology Summary Physiology Summary Respiration is Mechanical - Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Exchange - Slow Deep Breathing Barotrauma - Pressure Injury - Direct Subcutaneous Emphysema Mediastinal Emphysema Pneumothorax Air Embolism - Indirect DCS (the Bends) Nitrogen Narcosis Oxygen Toxicity Proper Exposure Protection is Required to Avoid Hypothermia

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