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Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

Medical Imaging Techniques. François Rameau Guillaume Lemaître. 17th February 2009. Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau. 1. Outline. Introduction. Radiography. Computed Tomography (CT). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Medical ultrasonography.

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Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

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  1. Medical Imaging Techniques François Rameau Guillaume Lemaître 17th February2009 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 1

  2. Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 2 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  3. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 3 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  4. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Introduction Computer vision and imagingtheory are used in medicalimagingtechiques Important to know basic notions of these technologies Medicalimagingallows to : Create a reconstruction of human body Reveal, diagnose and examine diseases Study of metabolism and morphology 4 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  5. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 5 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  6. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography– Functionning First Radiograph in 1895 X-ray : wavelength= 5 picometers The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue 6 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  7. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography– Functionning White representshighdensity Black representslowdensity 7 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  8. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography– Field of use Bonesimaging Dental domain 8 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  9. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography– Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Excellent for imaging bones Noninvasive Good availability Low cost Disadvantages:: Harmful rays Bad results for soft tissues 9 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  10. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 10 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  11. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages ComputedTomography (CT) – Functionning A recent technology (1970)‏ 11 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  12. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages ComputedTomography (CT) – Functionning Use X-rays 12 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  13. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages ComputedTomography (CT) – Functionning Examples of slices with CT : 13 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  14. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages ComputedTomography (CT) – Field of use Cardiac Imaging BonesImaging CerebralImaging Reconstitution of organs in 3D Pulmonary Imaging 14 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  15. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages ComputedTomography (CT) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Excellent for bones imaging Provides 3D anatomical information Good availability Noninvasive Disadvantages:: Harmful rays Bad result for soft tissue Claustrophobia 15 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  16. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Introduction Radiograph ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 16 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  17. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning First Imaging in 1975 17 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  18. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Structure of MRI : 18 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  19. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning MRI isbased on NMR : NuclearMagneticResonance Consequence : Use spin theory 19 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  20. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Spin theory : Compassneedle HydrogenousAtom 20 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  21. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Initial Position : Position of moment 21 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  22. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Parallel direction: 22 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  23. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Parallel direction: Parallel direction Antiparallel direction 23 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  24. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Excite moment of spin withLamorfrequencydefined by : 24 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  25. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Align moment of spin on xyscale : 25 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  26. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Calculate relaxation time Long relaxtion time = highenergyemitted Short relaxation time = lowenergyemitted Reception of energywithantenna 26 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  27. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Examples of slices with MRI : 27 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  28. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Field of use Angio – MRI Cardiac – MRI Cholangio – MRI Cerebral – MRI 28 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  29. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Main modality for image guided surgery Superb ability to discriminate between subtle differences in tissue characteristics Very safe Disadvantages:: Less accurate for bone scanning Problem with metal corps Problem of avaibilaty Cost of machine MRI (3 million €) 29 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  30. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 30 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  31. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning Injection of radioactive product :Fluorine associatedwith glucose The device emits positrons Positrons createreactionwith tracer (radioactive product)‏ : Gamma ray Emission of gamma ray isdetected by the machine 31 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  32. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning 32 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  33. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Field of use Oncology Neurology Cardiology Psychiatry 33 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  34. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Functional imaging Used in a lot of domains Amount of radiation is small Disadvantages:: Invasive method 34 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  35. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 35 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  36. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Functionning First Imaging in 1979 36 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  37. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Functionning Transducter : 37 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  38. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Functionning Transducter : Emit ultrasounds Receive the echo of ultrasoundsemitted 38 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  39. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Functionning Translation of echo : Compare the emittedfrequency and the receivedfrequency 39 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  40. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Functionning Examples of slices and reconstruction withultrasonography : 40 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  41. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Field of use Cardiology Endocrinology Gyneacology Obstetrics Ophtalmology 41 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  42. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medicalultrasonography – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Noninvasive Clean & safe In-expensive Disadvantages:: Noisy Gas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb ultrasound waves. 42 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  43. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Outline Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography (CT) MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medicalultrasonography Conclusion 43 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

  44. Introduction Radiography ComputedTomography MagneticResonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medicalultrasonography Conclusion Conclusion Constant development in medical imaging Each method is specific Thanks for your attention 44 Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

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