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1. Women in the Early Middle Ages

1. Women in the Early Middle Ages. 2. Ideals vs. Reality. “Purity” was idealized Consequences for losing it before marriage weren’t harsh. 3. Medieval Women and Academics. Joining nunneries provided opportunities for learning Alternative was marriage, family, work.

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1. Women in the Early Middle Ages

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  1. 1. Women in the Early Middle Ages

  2. 2. Ideals vs. Reality • “Purity” was idealized • Consequences for losing it before marriage weren’t harsh

  3. 3. Medieval Women and Academics • Joining nunneries provided opportunities for learning • Alternative was marriage, family, work

  4. 4. Women’s Contributions to Learning • Hunneberc wrote travel narratives • Dhuoda wrote a guide to moral living • Hilda, abbess of Whitby, raised educational standards for monasteries

  5. 5. Women and the Church • Clergy viewed women as more pious than men • Church was a refuge for them • Intellectual pursuits were shared with women

  6. Recovery during the High Middle Ages 1000-1300 • Cleared forests and created more arable land • Climate improved • Agriculture improved • Iron tools & new techniques • Freed the military aristocracy to train and afford arms • Knights preferred stirrups and lances • Kept pirates and raiders at bay • Population doubled (38 to 74 million) • Life span increased (age 25 to 35)

  7. Recovery continued • Laws made serfs free if they lived in cities • They engaged in manufacturing & trade • Cities grew and developed • Used gold coinage (not Byzantine or Islamic) • Merchants settled in old Roman cities or created new cities next to castles for protection • Italian merchants acquired goods from Muslim merchants in Cairo, Damascus and Black Sea Ports • Long-distance trade revived

  8. Cultural Developments • Rise of Universities • First one in Italy / Late 11th century • Kings, Popes, Princes started competing to found new universities • By 1300, 80 universities in Europe • 4 yrs of study + oral exam = Bachelor of Arts • 6 yrs of study + oral exam = Master of Arts • Final oral exams = Doctoral degree

  9. Islamic Context for Crusades • Umayyad Dynasty: 644-750 CE • Abbasid Dynasty: 762-1258 CE • Battle of Manzikert: 1071 CE

  10. Islamic control of the Mediterranean

  11. Battle of Manzikert in 1071 Signaled: • End of Eastern Byzantine Empire • Turkification of Anatolia

  12. Emperor Alexius: 1081-1118 • Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help defend against the Seljuk Turks

  13. Council of Clermont • Pope Urban II raised an army • “Liberate the Holy Lands” • Bring holy lands under the Pope’s control • Redirected violence amongst knights by creating a common enemy • “Not a sin to kill Muslims” (Unprecedented ideas)

  14. First Crusade: 1095-1099 • 1096: “Peoples Crusade” • 100,000 people (90% poor) • Massacred Jewish communities in the Rhine Valley (convert or be killed) • Used their wealth to finance their journey • Stole and Looted from Kingdom of Hungary and in Byzantine Balkans • Those that survived the trip were killed by the Turks in Asia Minor

  15. 1st Crusade: 1096-1099 • Captured Antioch, Edessa & Jerusalem • French Baldwin declared himself King of Jerusalem (r.1100-1118)

  16. 1st Crusade

  17. Jerusalem • Captured Jerusalem 1099 • Massacred everyone in the city including Byzantine Christians, women, children • “up to their knees in blood” • Baldwin declared himself King of Jerusalem (r.1100-1118)

  18. 1144 Muslims won Edessa back

  19. 2nd Crusade: 1146-48 • Holy Roman Emperor Conrad and King of France, Louis the VII attacked Damascus • Retreated to Europe in defeat • 39 years after the 2nd Crusade, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem for Islam in 1187

  20. After the 2nd Crusade • 1150-1250 Krak des Chevaliers built and expanded • Held 2000 people • Outside wall with 13 towers / Inside Wall

  21. 1187- Saladin recaptured Jerusalem for Islam

  22. 3rd Crusade • 1189-1192: Richard the Lionheart of England and Saladin battle in Acre, Jaffa, Jerusalem • Ended with a peace treaty between the two

  23. 4th Crusade • 1202-1204: Sailed to Jerusalem • Attacked and temporarily (1204-1261) took over Constantinople against the direct orders of the Pope • Shiploads of gold, silver, art, jewels were sent back to Western Europe • Never made it to Jerusalem • Ended with Europeans defeated • Constantinople didn’t recover until after 1453, when it was taken over as a Muslim city under the Ottomans

  24. Fourth Crusade • Attacked and temporarily took over Constantinople against the direct orders of the Pope • Held onto a Latin empire from 1204-1261

  25. Consequences of Crusades • European scholars and missionaries met Muslim scholars and theologians • European and Muslim merchants traded goods: silk, cotton, carpets, spices, granulated sugar, coffee, dates • Muslim use of paper, “arabic numerals”, Islamic science and astronomy • Exchange of ideas, technology, goods that influenced European development • Reintegrated Europe into the economy of the eastern hemisphere

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