Invasive Exotic Plant Management in the Southeast

1. Invasive Exotic Plant Management in the Southeast Southern Appalachian Cooperative Weed Management Partnership

2. What is an invasive exotic plant? Invasive –rapid growth and spread, persists, and has robust vegetative growth, high reproductive rate, abundant seed production, high germination rate, and longevity. Exotic –introduced by humans to locations outside its native range for livestock forage, soil retention, ornamental purposes, or accidentally. Also known as nonnative, exotic, foreign, non-indigenous, alien, noxious weeds…

3. Invasive Species:What’s the Problem? • Invasive Exotic plants out-compete native plants for space, sunlight, water, and nutrients causing a decline in biodiversity. • They also: • Displace rare plant species • Alter soil characteristics and hydrologic conditions • Interfere with natural succession • Compete for pollinators • Replace complex communities with single species monocultures • Repel native birds, mammals, and insects

4. Tree of HeavenAilanthusaltissima • Dark green, spear shaped leaves with small lobes at base with circular glands • Smooth, not serrated leaf • Alternate leaves on reddish twigs • Crushed leaves and broken twigs have strong odor • May easily be confused with sumac, black walnut, pecan, ash

5. Princess TreePaulowniatomentosa • Large, fuzzy, heart-shaped leaves • Upright clusters of seed pods persist throughout winter • Showy pale violet flowers in early spring • Twigs gray brown with abundant white specs

6. MimosaAlbizia julibrissin • Small to medium sized tree with multiple trunks and spreading crown • Leaves finely divided and fern-like • Flowers a delicate white and pink clusters like pom-poms in mid summer • Bean pods 6 in long and conspicuous through early winter

7. PrivetLigustrum sinense • Stiff, glossy, oval to elliptical opposite leaves • Small white four petaled flowers in loose clumps with musky smell • Dark blue to black berries in October

8. Multiflora RoseRosa multiflora • Thorny, round shaped, medium to large shrub • Serrated leaflets with toothed hairs at base of stem • Small white flowers April to June • Fleshy, spherical rose hips produce abundant seeds • May be confused with native roses, blackberry, and raspberry

9. Japanese KnotweedReynoutria japonica • Hollow bamboo-like stems • 2-6 inch heart-shaped leaves that are 90º at base • Small white flowers

10. OlivesElaeagnus sp. • Alternate leaves with wavy edges, silvery on the underside • Scaly twigs with scattered thorns and abundant white dots • Round, juicy fruit in August to November containing one nutlet

11. Japanese spirea Spiraea japonica • perennial deciduous shrub 4-6 feet in height • round, reddish brown slender stems, sometimes hairy • alternate, egg shaped leaves 1-3 inches long with toothed margins • rosy pink clustered flowers Native Virginia spiraea

12. Twining deciduous woody vine Alternate, glossy, round leaves with finely toothed margins Small greenish flowers at base of leaf in May Abundant yellow fruit at base of leaf splits to fleshy red upon maturity May be confused with American bittersweet which has oblong leaves and flowers at the terminal of the stem Oriental BittersweetCelastrus orbiculatus

13. KudzuPuerariamontana • Three leaflets with 2-3 major lobes • Hairy brown stems • Light purple flowers with sweet fragrant smell in late summer • Fleshy roots with massive tap roots • Can grow up to 1 ft per day in summer months

14. Japanese & Bush honeysuckleLonicera japonica & Lonicera maackii • Opposite oval leaves • White to yellow fragrant flowers bloom during the summer • New stems are reddish brown • Creates dense, tangled masses • May be confused with trumpet honeysuckle which has red flowers and red-orange berries

15. Porcelainberry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata

16. Chinese yam Dioscoreaoppositifolia • Long climbing vines with 2-3 in wide shiny heart-shaped leaves with arc shaped veins • Pea to marble sized bulbs like small potatoes occurring at leaf nodes in late summer

17. Chinese Silvergrass Miscanthus sinensis • Tall, densely bunched perennial grass • Long, slender, upright to arching leaves with sharp tips, rough margins and silvery-white midribs • Loosely plumed terminal panicles in Aug-Nov

18. Garlic MustardAlliaria petiolata • Basal rosette, dark green, heart-shaped, scalloped edged leaves • Small white 4 petaled flowers in early spring • Young leaves have garlic smell • Emits chemicals that kill surrounding plants and microbes • May easily be confused with native wildflowers such as toothworts, sweet cicely, and early saxifrage

19. ColtsfootTussilago farfara • Basal, heart-shaped, slightly toothed leaves resemble a coltsfoot • Whitish fuzz rubs off on underside of leaf • Bright yellow dandelion looking flowers in early spring

20. Japanese stiltgrassMicrostegium vimineum • Flat, thin pale green leaves with a white stripe down the center • 1-3 ft tall and pulls up very easily • Colonizes in dense masses • May be confused with native grasses

21. Partners in Invasive Exotic Plant Management

22. Goals • Prevention & Restoration • Detection & Control • Education • Build and maintain powerful partnerships Virginia Spiraea Yellow Wood

23. Volunteer Identification & Inventory

24. “I don’t know if I want to keep doing this unless you guys are actually going to do something with the data” Jack Dalton, Volunteer

25. Manual & Chemical Control

26. Native Plant Restoration

27. What can you do to stop the spread? • Develop a Management Plan for Your Property • Learn about invasive plants and how to identify them • Clean boots, equipment, tires, and the dog before and after hiking • Landscape your lawn and gardens with native plants • Know the source of your • fill dirt and gravel • Get involved in volunteer • monitoring and control • efforts

28. Online Resources www.invasive.org www.se-eppc.org www.nps.gov/plants/alien www.plants.usda.gov