A renewable energy system for a grid remote village in India

1. A renewable energy system for a grid remote village in India Gavin Walker Chair in Sustainable Energy Energy and Sustainability Research Division Faculty of Engineering

2. Partners • University of Nottingham • Don Giddings, David Grant, Joel Hamilton • Heriott-Watt (Tapas Mallick) • Leeds University (Mohamed Pourkashanian) • IITB (PrakashGhosh) • IITM (K Reddy) • VisvaBharati University, West Bengal (ShibaniChaudhury) • The Uttar Sehalai villagers

3. Figure 1: Maps showing the location of the village

5. Estimated load profile for the village

6. Energy storage 30.2 14.8 16.3 Battery hydrogen VILLAGE 6 4.2 METAL HYDRIDE STORE Crop, food, animal & human waste 150 hydrogen Electrolyser 19.5 methane 75 Daily energy kW.h.day-1 Generator Anaerobic digester CPV Schematic of the BioCPV power plant

7. Energy generationConcentrated photovoltaic (CPV) Electricity 189[7.5] Solar radiation 540 [21.4] Solar tracking device Electricity CPV Usable heat 169.4[6.7] 60°C Daily energy: MJ.day-1 [Instantaneous energy: kW] Concentrate light with a reflective material on to a PV cell. Reduces cost per watt as reflective material is cheaper than PV. Cogeneration of electricity and heat

8. Methane 270[18.75] Carbon dioxide Fertiliser Food waste Animal waste Crop waste Anaerobic digester Energy generation - Anaerobic digester Daily energy: MJ.day-1 [Instantaneous energy: kW] • Utilises biodegradable waste • Generates and regulates its own temperature • Therefore it is not part of the waste heat investigation

9. Methane 270[18.75] Hydrogen • 15.3[0.7] Electricity 70.2[4.9] Generator Internal combustion engine Exhaustheat 29.6[2.1] 350°C Cooling circuit heat 156.9[10.9] 80°C Power generation – ICEGenerator Daily energy: MJ.day-1 [Instantaneous energy: kW] Methane enriched with hydrogen 25% electrical efficiency

10. Electricity 58.7[2.3] Electricity 14.8[1.1] Energy storage - Battery Daily energy: MJ.day-1 [Instantaneous energy: kW] Lead-acid battery (larger version of a car battery) Short term energy storage as these batteries self discharge No thermal management required

11. Energy storage – Hydrogen Hydrogen 15.3[0.7] 108 g.day-1 Oxygen 857 g.day-1 Water vapour 0.04 g.day-1 Water vapour 0.04 g.day-1 Molecular Sieve Heat for regeneration Hydrogen 15.3[0.7] 108 g.day-1 Electricity 21.6[1.0] Metal hydride store Deionised water956 g.day-1 0.689 bar Heat Hydrogen 15.3[0.7] 108 g.day-1 Daily energy: MJ.day-1[Instantaneous energy: kW]

12. Projected generator and load profile Total daily load = 64.5kW.h.day-1

13. Heat engine ηCarnot = 17% Coolant 26.7 [1.9] (10.1%) CH4251.6[17.5](95.3%) H212.5 [0.9](4.7%) Total 264.1[18.4] (100%) Exhaust 15.7 [1.1] (5.9%) Loss 150.8 [10.4] (57.0%) Cold reservoir (environment) 25°C Waste heat analysisGenerator exergy flow Hot reservoir 350°C Electricity 70.2 [4.9](26.6%) Hot reservoir 80°C Cold reservoir (environment) 25°C Heat engine ηCarnot = 53% Daily exergy: MJ.day-1 [Instantaneous exergy: kW] (% of exergy input)

14. Waste heat analysisEnergy exergyoverview

15. Waste heat analysis - Efficiency Generator Total daily load = 232.1 MJ.day-1 Generator efficiency analysis CPV

16. Waste heat opportunity There is a large quantity of waste heat energy Most of the waste heat has a low exergy as it is at low temperatures Waste heat better used for refrigeration as opposed trying to extract work This will improve the overall efficiency of the BioCPV energy system.

17. Thank You gavin.walker@nottingham.ac.uk