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Preview. George Burns: “My aunt is in the hospital. I went to see her today, and took her flowers.” Gracie Allen: “George, that’s terrible! You should have brought her flowers!”. CYC: Toward Programs with Common Sense CACM Aug 1990. Steve O’Hara UTSA CS 7123. Motivation.

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  1. Preview • George Burns: “My aunt is in the hospital. I went to see her today, and took her flowers.” • Gracie Allen: “George, that’s terrible! You should have brought her flowers!” Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  2. CYC:Toward Programs withCommon SenseCACM Aug 1990 Steve O’Hara UTSA CS 7123 Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  3. Motivation Software is “brittle” Examples: • A skin disease diagnosis program that is told about a rusty old car and decides it has measles • A car loan authorization system approves a loan from somebody whose years at the same job exceeds their age • A digitalis dosage system that does not notice when the patients age (49) and weight (102) are switched Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  4. Words are Deceptive • MicrowaveOven isa KitchenAppliance • Dishwasher isa KitchenAppliance • Ahdfdiwhefh isa KitchenAppliance • MicrowaveOven requires Electricity • Dishwasher requires Electricity and Water • Water is a Liquid Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  5. Artificial Intelligence To achieve an AI requires: • Language / Logic • How to express knowledge • Manipulating Knowledge • Rules of many flavors • The Knowledge Base • Nobody is really working on this • Not Cyc, not google, not wikipedia Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  6. Expert System Rules IF frog(x) THEN amphibian(x) IF amphibian(x) THEN laysEggsInWater(x) IF laysEggsInWater(x) THEN livesNearLotsOf(x, Water) If livesNearLotsOf(x, Water) THEN NOT livesInDesert(x) Looks Intelligent, Right? Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  7. However … • Does Freda lay eggs? • Is Freda sometimes in water? • Is Freda a person? • Is Freda larger or smaller than the Pacific Ocean? • Does Freda live on the Sun? Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  8. Overcoming Brittleness • Cyc Project started in 1984 • Led by Dr Douglas Lenat • Funded by Bill, Steve, you and me • Now Cycorp, www.cyc.com • Only “true” AI project left Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  9. Hmmm …. • Bogosity: The Lenat • The unit of bogosity, derived from the fictional field of Quantum Bogodynamics, the lenat is seldom used, as it is understood that it is too large for normal conversation. Its most common form is the microlenat. [The Original Hacker's Dictionary. Retrieved on 2006-11-08] • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement#Bogosity:_The_Lenat Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  10. The Cyc Project • Representation Language • Inference Engine • Ontology of the KB • The KB • Applications Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  11. CycL - Representation • Clean and simple semantics • Yet speedy inference • Epistemological level • First order predicate calculus (good) • Heuristic level • Special purpose logic (custom) Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  12. CycL Example • transfersThrough(owns, physicalParts) • owns(Guha, Toyota0093) • physicalParts(Toyota0003, WheelRR0093) Can infer owns(Guha, WheelRR0093) without any special logic Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  13. Cyc Ontology • Thing • InternalMachineThing • The number 5 • The string “foo” • RepresentedThing • table • TheWhiteHouse • TheFourthOfJuly1990 Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  14. High Level Classes • IndividualObject –vs– Set • Substance –vs– Individual • Process –vs– Event • Walking –vs– WalkingToTheMailbox Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  15. What Cyc Knows -- Buying • Payments made through the mail are not normally done in cash • Candy costs double at a movie theater • Agents need to own items they consume • If you buy something, a sub-event involves paying the seller • Agents own items that are of some use to them • Etc. Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  16. Machine Learning • Roams the KB (at night) looking for unexpected symmetries • Surprisingly, the size of the KB has fluctuated over the years as patterns have emerged and more general rules have replaced groups of specialized rules Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  17. Applications (in 1990) • Large Engineering Knowledge bases • Axiomatizing Human Emotions • Machine Learning by Analogy • Qualitative Physics Reasoning • Natural Language Understanding Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  18. Applications (now) • From www.cyc.com • Intelligent Search • Excel spreadsheet logic • Machine Translation • Text understanding • Picture Categorization Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  19. Language Understanding • The pen is in the box. • The box is in the pen. • The police watched the demonstrators … • because they feared violence. • because they advocated violence. • Mary and Sue are sisters. • Mary and Sue are mothers. Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

  20. Conclusion • One of the most ambitious software projects ever undertaken • Best Marketing ever • Love it or hate it • Fantastic potential Steve O’Hara, Cyc, 9/26/07

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