Combinations of Capacitors

1. Combinations of Capacitors Parallel and Series Combinations

2. Three capacitors (C1, C2, and C3) are connected in parallel to a battery B. All the capacitor plates connected to the positive battery terminal are positive. All the capacitor plates connected to the negative battery terminal are negative. Capacitors in Parallel

3. Capacitors in Parallel • When the capacitors are first connected in the circuit, electrons are transferred through the battery from the plate that becomes positively charged to the plate that becomes negatively charged. • The energy needed to do this comes from the battery. • The flow of charge stops when the voltage across the capacitor plates is equal to that of the battery. • The capacitors reach their maximum charge when the flow of charge stops.

4. In the parallel circuit, the voltage (joules/coulomb) is constant. Vab = V1 = V2 = V3 The total charge stored on the capacitor plates is equal to the charge on each plate. Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Capacitors in Parallel

5. In order to make problem solving easier, we replace the three capacitors with a single capacitor that has the same effect on the circuit as the three single capacitors. In parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... Capacitors in Parallel

6. Capacitors in Parallel • Ceq will be equal to the total capacitance of the circuit CT. • Increasing the number of capacitors increases the capacitance.

7. Capacitors in Parallel • Problem solving involves reducing the circuit components to one total charge, one total voltage, and one total capacitance: • In parallel circuits, you will probably find the voltage first and then use this to determine the charge found on each capacitor.

8. Three capacitors (C1, C2, and C3) are connected in series to a battery B. When the capacitors are first connected in the circuit, electrons are transferred through the battery from the plate of C1 that becomes positively charged to the plate of C3 that becomes negatively charged. Capacitors in Series

9. As the negative charge increases on the negatively charged plate of C3, an equal amount of negative charge is forced off the plate of C3 that becomes positive onto the plate of C2 that becomes negative. The same amount of negative charge is also moved between C2 and C1. The energy needed to do this comes from the battery. Capacitors in Series

10. In the figure shown, all of the upper capacitor plates will have a charge of +Q and all of the lower capacitor plates will have a charge of –Q. For capacitors in series, the amount of charge on each plate is the same: QT = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ... Capacitors in Series

11. In order to make problem solving easier, we replace the three capacitors with a single capacitor that has the same effect on the circuit as the three single capacitors. In series, the reciprocal of the total capacitance is the sum of the reciprocals of the separate capacitors: Capacitors in Series

12. Capacitors in Series • It is easier to use the reciprocal key (x-1 or 1/x) on your calculator: Ceq = (C1-1 + C2-1 + C3-1 + …)-1 • In series, the total voltage is equal to the combined voltage of each capacitor: VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...

13. Capacitors in Series • Ceq will be equal to the total capacitance of the circuit CT. • Increasing the number of capacitors decreases the capacitance.

14. Capacitors in Series • Problem solving involves reducing the circuit components to one total charge, one total voltage, and one total capacitance: • In series circuits, you will probably find the charge first and then use this to determine the voltage across each capacitor.

15. Capacitors In Parallel and In Series • A circuit as shown on the left when both S1 and S2 are closed is actually 2 sets of capacitors in parallel with the 2 parallel combinations arranged in series.

16. Capacitors In Parallel and In Series • The points c and d allows charge to move between the capacitors. • C1 and C2 are in parallel with each other. • C3 and C4 are in parallel with each other. • The C12 parallel combination and the C34 parallel combination are in series with each other.

17. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor • Capacitors store charge and energy. • A battery must do work to move electrons from one plate to the other. The work done to move a small charge q across a voltage V is W = V·q. • As the charge increases, V increases so the work to bring q increases. The energy (U) stored on a capacitor is given by:

18. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor • So the energy stored in a capacitor can be thought of as the potential energy stored in the system of positive charges that are separated from the negative charges, much like a stretched spring has potential energy associated with it.

19. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor • Another way to think of the energy stored in a charged capacitor is to consider the space between the plates to contain the energy (equal to 0.5·C·V2). • This allows us to determine the energy density (J/V). The volume between the plates is A·d. Then the energy density u is:

20. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor • This is an important result because it tells us that empty space contains energy if there is an electric field (E) in the "empty" space. • The energy in a capacitor is stored in the electric field between the plates.