Intro to the Human Body – Directional Terms, Planes, Quadrants, and Regions

1. Intro to the Human Body – Directional Terms, Planes, Quadrants, and Regions HST I

2. Correct Anatomical Position • Standing • Feet together • Arms at sides • Head and eyes forward • Palms facing forward • Used when describing anatomical positions and locations

3. Directional Terms • Used to describe the anatomical position of a body part in relation to another

4. Directional Terms • Superior or cranial (cranial used with animals)toward the head end of the body; upper; above(example, the head is superior to the neck). Inferior or caudal (caudal used with animals)away from the head; lower; toward the tailbone (example, the mouth is inferior to the nose). • Anterior or ventral (ventral used with animals)front (example, the teeth are anterior to the tongue). Posterior or dorsal (dorsal used with animals)back (example, the shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs). • Medial toward the midline of the body (example, the big toe is medial to the little toe).

5. Directional Terms • Lateral away from the midline of the body; toward the sides (example, the ears are lateral to the cheekbone). • Proximal toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist) • Distal away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the fingers are distal to the hand) • Internal within the body • External outside the body

6. Directional Terms • Flexion Decreasing the angle between two bones • Extension Increasing the angle between two bones • Afferent Carrying toward a center • Efferent Carrying away from a center • Adduction Moving toward the midline • Abduction Moving away from the midline

7. Eversion Turning a body part outward • Inversion Turning a body part inward • Pronation Turning a body part downward (pointing toe) • Supination Turning a body part upward (shrugging shoulders)

8. Deep Away from the body surface, more internal • Superficial Toward or at the body surface • Plantar Toward the sole of the foot • Palmar Toward the palm of the hand

9. Directional Terms Usually written with the opposing direction. For example: Superior / Inferior Lateral / Medial Proximal / Distal

10. Practice: • The wrist is ___________ to the hand. • The breastbone is ________ to the spine. • The brain is _______to the spinal cord. • The lungs are ______ to the stomach. • The thumb is ___________ to the fingers. The ears are __________ to the nose. • The knee is __________ to the ankle

11. Answers: • The wrist is _____proximal_______ to the hand. • The breastbone is __ventral______ to the spine. • The brain is __superior_____to the spinal cord. • The lungs are _superior______ to the stomach. • The thumb is __lateral_________ to the fingers. • The ears are __lateral___________ to the nose. • The knee is ____proximal_______ to the ankle.

12. Abdominal Quadrants • Divides the abdomen into 4 quadrants by midsagittal and a transverse planes • Intersection occurs at the belly button (navel or umbilicus) • Used when describing pain or injury to a patient OR for locating internal organs • Labeled as • RUQ – right upper quadrant • RLQ – right lower quadrant • LUQ – left upper quadrant • LLQ – left lower quadrant

13. Remember – right and left refers to the PATIENT’s right and left NOT YOURS Abdominal Quadrants

14. RUQ: LIVER GALLBLADDER DUODENUM RIGHT KIDNEY AND ADRENAL LARGE INTESTINE LUQ: STOMACH SPLEEN PANCREAS LEFT KIDNEY AND ADRENAL LARGE INTESTINE RLQ: LARGE INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE APPENDIX RIGHT OVARY AND FALLOPIAN TUBE (females) RIGHT URETER LLQ: SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE LEFT OVARY AND FALLOPIAN TUBE (females) LEFT URETER

15. Abdominopelvic (or Abdominal) Regions • 9 total regions • Remember – right and left refers to the PATIENT’s right and left NOT YOURS • Right and left hypochondriac • Right and left lumbar • Right and left iliac • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric

16. Abdominopelvic (or Abdominal) Regions

17. Review:

18. Body Planes • 4 anatomical planes that pass through the body when in anatomical position • Sagittal = any left and right separation • Midsagittal = equal right and left separation (down the middle or midline of the body) • Transverse(Horizontal) = top and bottom (superior and inferior) • Coronal (Frontal) = front and back (anterior and posterior) • Oblique = at an angle between horizontal and vertical planes

19. Body Planes

20. Body Cavities 1. Cranial Cavity 2. Spinal Cavity (looking through body at spine) 3. Mediastinum 4. Pleural Cavity 5. Pericardial Cavity 6. Diaphragm 7. Abdominal Cavity 8. Pelvic Cavity 9. Abdominopelvic Cavity 10. Anterior (Ventral Cavity)

21. Body Cavities 1. Cranial cavity - brain 2. (1 and 3) Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity 3. Spinal cavity – spinal cord 4. Thoracic cavity – heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea 5. Diaphragm 6. Abdominal cavity – stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of large intestine 7. Pelvic cavity – part of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs (4- 7) Anterior (Ventral) Cavity

22. Medical Abbreviations: (A) @ at A&P Anterior and Posterior OR Anatomy and Physiology aa of each abol abdomen/abdominal ab partial abortion ac before meals ADL activities of daily living

23. adm admission amb ambulate amt amount AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AD right ear AS left ear ASA aspirin AU both ears

24. AP apical pulse AMA American Medical Association ANA American Nurses Association approx approximately aq or aqua aqueous ASAP as soon as possible av average Ax axillary