The 1970s: A Time for Social Change

1. The 1970s: A Time for Social Change Women & Native Americans Fight for Change Latino’s Fight for Rights Culture & Counter Culture

2. Women & Native Americans Fight for Change • The Main Idea • In the 1960s women and Native Americans struggled to achieve social justice. • Reading Focus • What led to the revival of the women’s movement? • Which issues were important to the women’s liberation movement? • What were the lives of Native Americans like by the early 1960s? • How did Native Americans fight for fairness?

5. Birth of the Modern Women’s Rights Movement • Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement • Civil rights movement helped inspire renewed women’s rights movement in 1960s, 1970s • Core belief: women, men should be socially, politically, economically equal • Changing Traditional Ideas • Some wanted to change traditional ideas about women’s roles—including idea that women happiest as wives, mothers, homemakers • Idea met opposition—including women who believed in traditional roles

6. The Women’s Liberation Movement • The movement for women’s rights had many different names: the women’s liberation movement, the feminist movement, and the equal rights movement. • Core belief of the women’s liberation movement was feminism—the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and economically equal. • Feminists cheered the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination in employment. • Still, fighting gender-based discrimination was given low priority.

7. The Women’s Liberation Movement • NOW • The National Organization for Women (NOW) • Fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and the justice system • Lobbied government, filed lawsuits, staged rallies and marches • Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray

8. Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) • Betty Friedan's ground-breaking work The Feminine Mystiquewas published in 1963 after Friedan sent a questionnaire to other women in her 1942 Smith College graduating class. • Friedan and her classmates all indicated a general dissatisfaction with their lives. • This led Friedan to conduct more detailed research into "the problem that has no name"—the Feminine Mystique. • She defined this "mystique" as the worthlessness women feel in roles that require them to be financially, intellectually and emotionally dependent upon their husbands. • Through her findings, Friedan hypothesized that women are victims of a false belief system that requires them to find identity and meaning in their lives through their husbands and children.

9. Women’s Liberation Protest

10. The Women’s Liberation Movement • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • It promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, not just employment • Some saw the ERA as a threat to family life • Phyllis Schlafly and other conservatives campaigned to defeat the ERA • The ERA fell short of the required 35 states needed to ratify the amendment

11. Equal Rights Amendment (1972) • Section 1. Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. • Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. • Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. • The Equal Rights Amendment was written in 1921 by suffragist Alice Paul. It has been introduced in Congress every session since 1923. • It passed Congress in the above form in 1972, but was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states by the July 1982 deadline. • It was ratified by thirty-five states.

12. Griswold v. Connecticut (1964) Facts of the Case:  • Griswold was the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut. • Both she and the Medical Director for the League gave information, instruction, and other medical advice to married couples concerning birth control. • Griswold and her colleague were convicted under a Connecticut law which criminalized the provision of counseling, and other medical treatment, to married persons for purposes of preventing conception.

13. Griswold v. Connecticut (1964) Constitutional Question:  • Does the Constitution protect the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on a couple's ability to be counseled in the use of contraceptives? Conclusion:  • Though the Constitution does not explicitly protect a general right to privacy, the various guarantees within the Bill of Rights create penumbras, or zones, that establish a right to privacy. • Together, the First, Third, Fourth, and Ninth Amendments, create a new constitutional right, the right to privacy in marital relations. • The Connecticut statute conflicts with the exercise of this right and is therefore null and void.

14. Title IX (1972) • Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, now known as the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in honor of its principal author, but more commonly known simply as Title IX, is a law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: • "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.“ • Although the most prominent "public face" of Title IX is its impact on high school and collegiate athletics, the original statute made no reference to athletics. Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink (1927-2002) wrote the law as an outgrowth of adversities she faced in obtaining her undergraduate degrees at the University of Hawai’i and University of Nebraska.

15. The Women’s Liberation Movement: Roe v. Wade (1973) • Supreme Court case that struck down state laws that banned abortion • Argued that such laws violated a constitutional right to privacy. • Sparked a debate that continues to this day.

16. Roe v. Wade (1973) Facts of the Case:  • Roe, a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. • Texas law prohibited abortions except to save the pregnant woman's life. • After granting certiorari, the Court heard arguments twice. • The first time, Roe's attorney Sarah Weddington couldn’t locate the constitutional hook of her argument for Justice Potter Stewart. • Her opponent Jay Floyd misfired from the start. • Weddington sharpened her constitutional argument in the second round. • Her new opponent Robert Flowers came under strong questioning from Justices Potter Stewart and Thurgood Marshall.

17. Roe v. Wade (1973) Constitutional Question:  • Does the Constitution embrace a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion? Conclusion:  • The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. • The decision gave a woman total autonomy over the pregnancy during the first trimester and defined different levels of state interest for the second and third trimesters. • As a result, the laws of 46 states were affected by the Court's ruling.

18. Roe v. Wade Mobilizes Conservatives • In Roe v. Wade (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that state laws restricting abortion violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy. • The issue of legalized abortion helped galvanize the rise of the Christian Right in the 1970s and 1980s. • In the wake of the sexual revolution and the women's liberation movement, many conservatives sought to restore "traditional family values". • Roe v. Wade catalyzed the formation of a number of enduring political organizations.

19. Phyllis Schlafly & the ERA • One item on the agenda of social conservatives in the 1970s was the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment. • Many felt that felt that "traditional family values" had been undermined by the women's liberation movement. • Others were repelled by what they believed was intervention by the state into the private sphere. • The campaign to stop ratification, led by activist and self-described homemaker Phyllis Schlafly, demonstrated the financial and political capabilities of the emerging New Right. • ERA died in 1982, just three votes short of passage.

20. Effects of the Women’s Movement • The number of women holding professional jobs increased. • More women moved into senior positions in the government. • More female politicians were elected to Congress. • The feminist movement slowed its pace in the late 1970s. • There was a perception that it only benefited wealthy white women.

21. Landmarks Events in the Women’s Rights Movement • 1960: FDA approved Contraceptive pill • 1964: 33 states, Commissions on the Status of Women • 1967: NOW adopted passage of the Equal Rights Amendment • 1968: Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) formed by anti-abortion, pro-women’s rights groups • 1972: Shirley Chisholm was the first Black woman to run for the U.S. presidency in the primary • 1972: The ERA passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 84-8 and was sent to the states for ratification • 1973: Roe v. Wade legalized abortion

22. Native Americans in the Early 1960s • Living Conditions • Did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s • Highest unemployment rates in the nation • Average income was less than half that of white American men • Suffered disproportionately from poor health

23. Native Americans in the Early 1960s • Termination Policy • Plan to draw Native Americans out of the isolated reservations and into mainstream society • Method used was to stop federal services to reservations and relocate Native Americans to cities • Policy was a disaster

24. Native Americans in the Early 1960s • A Movement • In 1961 a group of 700 Native Americans held a conference to oppose the termination policy. • Drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose • Marked the beginning of the Red Power movement Two leaders of the American Indian Movement, Russell Means and Dennis Banks at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation

25. Native Americans Fight for Fairness President Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to get Native Americans more involved in setting policy regarding Indian affairs. Real change, however, came from the efforts of Native American political activists. During the period of Red Power activism, Native Americans made important legislative gains. Congress passed laws that enhanced education, health care, voting rights, and religious freedom for Native Americans. Native American protestors on ASU campus.

26. The American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in Minnesota in 1968 Became the major force behind the Red Power movement Called for a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for Indian children Russell Means—one of AIM’s best-best known leaders AIM sometimes used forceful tactics the Trail of Broken Treaties Occupation of Wounded Knee Native Americans Fight for Fairness

27. Protest Against the Bureau of Indian Affairs • Militant student activity increased dramatically in the late 1960s, andthe American Indian Movement staged both symbolic and confrontationaldemonstrations against white organizations.  • While the symbolic protests included marches at museums and archaeological digs, direct action was taken at the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) offices in March 1970. • Members of the National Indian Youth Council staged a sit-in at BIA offices in Denver, charging discrimination in hiring and advancement for Indian employee s.  • For the most part, these demonstrations started up in urban areas, rather than Indian reservations.  • Shown here are several protesters at BIA offices in Denver in March 1970.

28. Occupation of Alcatraz A group of Native Americans tried to reclaim Alcatraz Island. Claimed that the Treaty of Fort Laramie gave them the right to use any surplus federal territory The occupation lasted for 18 months, until federal marshals removed the group by force. This incident drew public attention to the plight of Native Americans. Partly as a result, New Mexico returned 48,000 acres of land to the Taos Pueblo in 1970. Native Americans Fight for Fairness

29. Members of AIM travel to the BIA in Washington D.C. to protest treaty violations by the government.

30. Russell Means, Dennis Banks, and Clyde Bellecourt

31. “Trail of Broken Treaties” :1972 The Trail of Broken Treaties (also known as the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan) was a cross-country protest by American Indian and First Nations organizations that took place in the autumn of 1972, intended to bring attention to American Indian issues such as treaty rights, living standards, and inadequate housing.

32. “We need not give another recitation of past complaints nor engage in redundant dialogue of discontent...The government of the United States knows the reasons for our going to its capital city. Unfortunately, they don't know how to greet us.” ~Press Statement Released by AIM~

33. 1973 Occupation of Wounded Knee

34. The Siege of Wounded Knee • On February 27, 1973, a group of Indians, led by the American IndianMovement (AIM), congregated at the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre. • They were demonstrating against the elected council head of the Pine Ridge reservation, Richard Wilson, whom they charged with corrupt practices. • Tensions between the protestors and the local authorities grew until thesituation became a siege of the town, which drew in two thousand Indiansfrom around the area and lasted for seventy days.  • They were surrounded by three hundred federal marshes and FBI agents, equipped with guns and armored vehicles.  • On March 12, the Indians declared Wounded Knee a sovereign territory of the Oglala Sioux Nation, according to the Laramie Treaty of 1868 which recognized the Sioux as an independent nation.  • The siege finally ended when the two sides began firing on each other and two Indians, Frank Clearwater and Buddy Lamont, were shot and killed, an act that called national attention to the Native American civil rightsmovement.

35. At Pine Ridge Reservation, life expectancy declined…

36. …while alcoholism, suicide rates, and unemployment rates increased.

37. "I will fight for my people. I will live for them and, if it is necessary to stop the terrible things that happen to Indians on the Pine Ridge Reservation, I am ready to die for them." ~Pedro Bissonette~

38. Frustrated at the government’s failure to address their grievances,…

39. …the Lakota Indians occupy the historical site of Wounded Knee for 71 days in protest.

41. “Wounded Knee ended after the deaths of two of our AIM occupiers—Frank Clearwater and Buddy Lamont—by sniper bullets…Wounded Knee II was over, though its repercussions continue to this day.” ~Leonard Peltier~

42. Two FBI agents are killed in a shootout on Pine Ridge Reservation. Leonard Peltier, an AIM member, is convicted of these two murders and is currently serving two life sentences. Many believe he was not granted a fair trial. Incident at Oglala: 1975

45. “Let us forgive the worst among us Because the worst is in ourselves, The worst lives in each of us, Along with the best.” ~Leonard Peltier~ Leavenworth Prison

46. The Longest March: 1977 • Pictured here is "The Longest March," a march to Washington, D.C., inJuly, 1977, to protest Indian rights abuses.  • On the banners, the words"Free Leonard Peltier" are visible.  • Peltier was an activist involved bothin the American Indian Movement (AIM) and in the efforts to combat a corrupt administration at Pine Ridge.  • In 1975, the situation at the reservation became increasingly volatile, and FBI agents took over the settlement by force.  • The resulting shoot-out lead to the deaths of one Indian and two agents.  • The event occurred on June 26, 1975, theninety-ninth anniversary of General George Custer's defeat by Indians at Little Bighorn.  • Peltier was subsequently convicted of shooting the agents.  • Although the only witnesses against him later admitted they were forced under threat to testify against him, Peltier has not been granted an appeal.  He is presently serving two lifetime sentences in federal prison.

48. National Indian Education Association • National Indian Education Association—fought to improve access to education • It is the only national nonprofit exclusive to education issues for American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian) people of the United States. • The NIEA is a membership-based organization. • There are about four thousand members who are advocates, educators, students and other organizations who are working for so that we can all get a great education and keep our Native languages and cultures in our homes, communities and classrooms. • The National Indian Education Association was established in 1969. • It lobbies on the Capitol Hill to make sure that the government maintains its trust responsibilities to the Native people of the U.S.

49. Native American Rights Fund • Native American Rights Fund (NARF)—provided legal services to Native Americans • It’s a non-profit legal organization devoted to protecting the legal rights of Indian people. • NARF attorneys, most of whom are Native Americans, defend impoverished tribes who otherwise cannot bear the financial costs of seeking justice in the courts of the United States. • Since its foundation in 1970, NARF has dramatically changed the way that Indian law is perceived. In just three decades of operation it has gained many successes - most notably being the recognition and restoration of tribal sovereignties by the American federalist system.

50. Council on Energy Resource Tribes • Council on Energy Resource Tribes (CERT)—helped its member nations gain control over their natural resources and choose whether to protect or develop them • It was founded by Indian Tribes out of necessity and out of a profound sense of collective self-confidence - the confidence that they could chart a new course of prudent development that would address Tribal priorities and values while contributing to a more secure energy future for all Americans. • Since the inception of CERT, the farsighted leaders have dramatically restructured the federal-Indian relationship regarding mineral development on Indian lands and have forged alliances and partnerships with industry. • From the beginning, the CERT member Tribes maintained complete management of their valuable resources. Tribes participate in all aspects of managing their resources - from negotiating agreements, protecting the environment, realizing the value of water and other resources to verifying revenue payments.