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Airmanship Knowledge Learning Outcome 1 Air Traffic Control

Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Airmanship Knowledge Learning Outcome 1 Air Traffic Control. Revision 1.00. Airmanship Knowledge Learning Outcome 1 Understand the types of airfield operations used for the control of aircraft. Contents. Control Towers Controllers

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Airmanship Knowledge Learning Outcome 1 Air Traffic Control

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  1. Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 1Air Traffic Control Revision 1.00

  2. Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 1Understand the types of airfield operations used for the control of aircraft

  3. Contents Control Towers Controllers Communication Systems Visual Communications RADAR

  4. Air Traffic Control

  5. Introduction On RAF Airfields all movements of aircraft, both on the ground and in the air are monitored by Air Traffic Control (ATC)

  6. The Control Tower Is always in a prominent position in the aircraft manoeuvring area Houses electronic & radio equipment and may also have a Bird Control Unit

  7. The Control Tower The size & design of ATC Towers varies considerably.

  8. Aerodrome Controller Is in charge of movements: On the Ground In the Air Sometimes Called: Airfield Controller Local Controller

  9. Approach Controller They control aircraft: departing the airfield making instrument approaches Uses RADAR displays, RT and landline communications

  10. Runway Controller For more effective control a Runway Controllermay be used: • At airfields with lots of take-offs and landings • They are in direct contact with Aerodrome Controller

  11. Runway Controller The Runway controller can refuse aircraft permission to move onto the runway, land or take-off in some circumstances

  12. Runway Controller For example they might: • Prevent an aircraft from landing with its undercarriage retracted by firing a RED flare. • Stop an aircraft from taking-off which had for example a panel unlocked or a fuel leak, by showing a steady RED on the signalling lamp.

  13. Runway Controller • Warn vehicles or aircraft on the ground to move clear of the landing area, by showing RED flashes on the signalling lamp. • Give permission to take-off, with a steady GREEN on the signalling lamp.

  14. Communication Systems Good Communications are essential to Air Traffic Control

  15. Communication Systems Swift and accurate contact is achieved through the use of: • Special Telephones • Tele-Talk Systems • Radio Telephony (RT) (Ground To Air) • Uses VHF and UHF to talk to aircraft and vehicles. • These frequencies provide clear lines of communications. • Each airfield and its section have their own frequencies.

  16. Visual Communications • Stationary Object Hazard • Bad Ground Markers 0.61 Metres square >

  17. Visual Communications Helicopter Operating Areas: • The ‘H’ is 4 metres high by 2 metres across • It may also have a box around the ‘H’. • Well clear of fixed wing aircraft OR

  18. Radar Stands For: RAdio Detection And Ranging

  19. Radar Consists of a Transmitter and a Receiver A short pulse energy is transmitted from an aerial and the receiver “listens” for an echo.

  20. Radar The receiver detects which reflections are from aircraft, and it can determine their position, direction of travel and speed. This information is then displayed through a cathode ray tube onto a screen. In this way radar has become the “eyes” of air traffic control

  21. Radar Aids The two main radar aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are: Surveillance Radar Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

  22. Surveillance Radar Is used both to monitor air traffic passing through an area and as an airfield approach aid.

  23. Surveillance Radar Enables the controller to locate the aircraft and direct it to a position and height near the airfield

  24. Precision Approach Radar The controller has two screens, one for the aircraft’s elevation (height) and one for azimuth (left and right), relating to the approach path

  25. Precision Approach Radar The controller passes instructions by RT to the pilot to guide the aircraft down the correct glide slope towards the touch-down point The procedure is called a Ground Controlled Approach (GCA).

  26. Precision Approach Radar

  27. Precision Approach Radar PAR 2000 Radar

  28. Radio Aids The two main Radio Aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are: Digital Resolution Direction Finding (DRDF) Instrument Landing System (ILS)

  29. DRDF It is a common airfield approach aid It receives an transmission from an aircraft and displays it on a CRT as a green line called a “trace”. Enables the approach controller to tell the pilot what course to fly to reach the airfield

  30. Instrument Landing System ILS is a runway approach aid: Fixed transmitters on the ground send out a special pattern of radio signals These define a radio beam that is like a pathway in the sky The pathway then leads to the touch-down point on the runway

  31. Instrument Landing System ILS transmits 2 frequencies • 90Hz (aircraft is too high)

  32. Instrument Landing System ILS transmits 2 frequencies • 150Hz (aircraft is too low)

  33. Instrument Landing System ILS transmits 2 frequencies • No noise = Good glide path

  34. Questions?

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