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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. The Endocrine System. Key Concepts. catecholamine cyclic Amp (cAMP) endocrine epinephrine estrogen exocrine glucagon growth hormone hormone. insulin nonepinephrine parathyroid hormone (PTH) phenolic amine hormones progesterone protein hormones steroid hormones

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 The Endocrine System

  2. Key Concepts

  3. catecholamine cyclic Amp (cAMP) endocrine epinephrine estrogen exocrine glucagon growth hormone hormone • insulin • nonepinephrine • parathyroid hormone (PTH) • phenolic amine hormones • progesterone • protein hormones • steroid hormones • testosterone

  4. Review Questions

  5. In the following diagram of the major glands, what do A through F refer to? A. B. C. D. E. F. A C Pituitary B Thyroid Parathyroid D Adrenal Testis F Ovary E

  6. What are the three categories of hormones? • Steroid hormones • Protein hormones • Phenolic amine hormones

  7. What are the steps illustrated in the following diagram? A. B. C. D. E. F. A steroid hormone passes through a cell membrane It combines with a protein receptor in the cytoplasm The hormone-receptor complex enter the nucleus and Activates the synthesis of messenger RNA The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and Functions in the manufacture of protein molecules

  8. What effect does testosterone have on muscle cells (fibers)? It binds with a receptor, travels to the nucleus, initiates mRNA production, and the production of contractile proteins, leading to larger, stronger muscles

  9. What steps are illustrated in the following diagram? The protein hormone reaches its target cell via the blood and A. B. C. D. E. Combines with a receptor located on the cell membrane As a result, molecules of an enzyme such as adenyl cyclase are activated and Cause the activation of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP, which Brings about various cellular changes

  10. What three stimuli initiate hormone secretion? • Neural • Hormonal • Concentration of a substance in the blood

  11. A single bout of moderate exercise results in long-term changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. True or False? False. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity persist for less than 72 hours. To maintain therapeutic benefits, aerobic exercise should be done for 30 minutes at least every other day.

  12. Insulin and glucagon are produced by what gland? The pancreas

  13. What role does the adrenal medulla play in exercise? • Secretes catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, which increase the availability of fuel to the active muscles. • During exercise, blood levels of both epinephrine and nonepinephrine rise, resulting in increases in glycogenolysis, lipolysis, heart rate, stroke volume, and the redistribution of blood flow to the working muscles and the skin.

  14. Gonadal hormones drop after intense exercise. True or False? False. Gonadal hormones in both men and women tend to rise following vigorous exercise.

  15. What are some effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system? • Delayed menarche • Amenorrhea • Anovulation

  16. How does exercise affect glucagon and insulin levels? Exercise increases glucagon levels and decreases insulin secretion. There is also an increase in insulin receptor sensitivity, so that less insulin is needed.

  17. Useful Websites

  18. Endocrine System (Hormones) Topics www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinesystemhormones html The Pituitary Foundation http://www.pituitary.org.uk/endocrine/index.shtml/

  19. Selected Images

  20. Figure 7.1 Locations of the major endocrine glands.

  21. Figure 7.2 The three basic hormone structures.

  22. Figure 7.3 (A) A steroid hormone passes through a cell membrane and (B) combines with a protein receptor in the cytoplasm. (C) The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and (D) activates the synthesis of messenger RNA. (E) The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and (F) functions in the manufacture of protein molecules.

  23. Figure 7.4 (A) The protein hormone reaches its target cell via the blood and (B) combines with a receptor located on the cell membrane. (C) As a result, molecules of an enzyme such as adenyl cyclase are activated and (D) cause the activation of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP, which (E) brings about various cellular changes.

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