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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?. ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS. Life exists on land systems called biomes and in freshwater and ocean aquatic life zones. Figure 3-9. Nonliving and Living Components of Ecosystems. Ecosystems consist of nonliving ( abiotic ) and

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?

  2. ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS • Life exists on land systems called biomes and in freshwater and ocean aquatic life zones. Figure 3-9

  3. Nonliving and Living Components of Ecosystems • Ecosystems consist of nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components. • Biotic or Abiotic? • Plants • Water • Animals • Temperature • Rocks/Minerals • Bacteria • Solar Energy • Landforms • Soil Figure 3-10

  4. Factors That Limit Population Growth • Availability of matter and energy resources can limit the number of organisms in a population. Figure 3-11

  5. Factors That Limit Population Growth • The physical conditions of the environment can limit the distribution of a species. Figure 3-12

  6. Producers: Basic Source of All Food • Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis: • ** You must memorize this equation if you haven’t already. It will come up throughout the year.

  7. Producers: Basic Source of All Food • Chemosynthesis: • Some organisms such as deep ocean bacteria draw energy from hydrothermal vents and produce carbohydrates from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas .

  8. Photosynthesis: A Closer Look • Chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells absorb solar energy. • This initiates a complex series of chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars and oxygen. Figure 3-A

  9. Consumers: Eating and Recycling to Survive • Consumers (heterotrophs) get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains. • Herbivores • Primary consumers that eat producers • Carnivores • Secondary consumers eat primary consumers • Third and higher level consumers: carnivores that eat carnivores. • Omnivores • Feed on both plant and animals.

  10. Decomposers and Detrivores • Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on wastes or dead bodies. • Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems (mostly bacteria and/or fungi). Figure 3-13

  11. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival • Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need. • This is usually done through aerobic respiration. • Aerobic means “with oxygen” • ** You must memorize this equation if you haven’t already. It will come up many times throughout the year.

  12. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival • Anaerobic respiration or fermentation: • Some decomposers get energy by breaking down glucose (or other organic compounds) in the absence of oxygen. • The end products vary based on the chemical reaction: • Methane gas • Ethyl alcohol • Acetic acid • Hydrogen sulfide

  13. Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow and Matter Recycle • An ecosystem survives by a combination of energy flow and matter recycling. Figure 3-14

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