Biology Notes Biology & Biochemistry Part 4 Pages 44-48

1. Biology NotesBiology & BiochemistryPart 4Pages 44-48

2. Standards 1.3 ___ Describe the basic molecular structure and primary functions of the four categories of biological molecules ___ Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible ___ Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things 1.5 1.6

3. 1.7 ___ Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. ___ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes. 1.8

4. Essential Question • Why are carbon based molecules the foundation of life?

5. I. Nutrients of Life Nutrient = substances in _______ that supply the ________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth, repair, and maintenance • Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: __________ compounds and __________ compounds food energy inorganic organic

6. carbon A. Inorganic Compounds = compounds that do not contain _________ • Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more _________ • The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: ________, _______, and ___________ simple water salts minerals

8. carbon B. Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element __________ • Carbon is the backbone of ______ because it has the ability to make __________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because: • carbon can bond to ____ different atoms • carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________ life millions 4 itself rings

9. bonds c. carbon can form single, double, or triple _______ with other atoms • these bonds will be ___________ covalent

10. carbohydrates lipids / fats proteins nucleic acids • Overall, there are four groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: _______________, _____________, ____________, and _______________

11. II. Structure & Function of Organic Molecules • Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ___, ___, and ___ in a ratio of 1:2:1 • This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ____ oxygen atom e.g. C H O 1 2 1 C6H12O6 , C11H22O11

13. 3-6 • Sugars (Small Monomer Structure): • monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain ____ carbon atoms e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

14. 2 • disaccharides = sugars made of ___ covalently bonded monosaccharides • lactose = glucose + __________ / found in _______ • maltose = _________ + glucose / found in ________ • sucrose = glucose + _________ / common table _______ galactose milk glucose beer fructose sugar

15. polymers • Starches (Large Polymer Structure): • polysaccharides = giant ___________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently _________ monosaccharides and disaccharides • glycogen – found in ________ • starch – found in foods such as ______, potatoes, and _______ bonded animals rice bread

16. fibrous whole wheat bran • cellulose – polymer found in _________ foods such as ______________ and ______

17. Monomer to Polymer

18. energy • Functions of Carbohydrates • The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ________ to the body (SHORT TERM) b. Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of __________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time c. although the body cannot digest _________ found in fibrous food like ____________, it is still important because it helps keep you “_________” glycogen cellulose bran / wheat regular

19. Cellulose walls d. __________ is also the compound that makes up cell ______ found in plants

20. Non-polar C H O • Lipids / Fats = ____________compounds that contain ___, ___, and a very small amount of ___ e.g. • Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no __________ or polymers • Instead, lipids / fats consist of one _________ molecule covalently bonded to many _______ acid molecules waxes, oils, steroids & cholesterol monomers glycerol fatty

22. 2 • There are, however, ___ types of lipids/ fats: • saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains • usually solids at room temperature like ________ and __________ hydrogen acid grease butter / lard

23. bond • unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double ________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of _____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains • usually liquids at room temperature like _____________ and _____________ hydrogen acid peanut oil canola oil

25. triglyceride = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to __ fatty acid chains 1 Triglyceride 3

26. 1 Phospholipid 2 PO4 1 • phospholipid = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to ___ fatty acid chains and ___ phospholipid (____) • the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes cell

27. ring • cholesterol = lipid compound that has a _____ structure • cholesterol is needed by the body make ________ hormones, added protection in _______ and provides structural support in cell ____________ steroid joints membranes

28. Functions of Lipids: • The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ___________ barriers in the body like _____ membranes around cells waterproof cell

29. insulate internal food b. Lipids / fats also function to ________ the body and protect our ________ organs • the body takes all excess _____ not being used and chemically converts it to ____ which is stored on the body • For this reason, fats are considered sources of _____ _____ energy storage c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health e.g. fat long term high cholesterol, risk of heart disease

30. C H O N C. Proteins = Polymeric compounds composed of amino acids which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, and ___ • animal proteins are found in foods like _______ and ______ • plant proteins are found in foods like _________________ and __________ beef fish beans (legumes) spinach

31. Monomers of Proteins: • amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (____), a carboxyl group (_______), and individual ___ groups _____________ bonded together to make _________ -NH2 -COOH R covalently proteins

32. amino carboxyl • peptide bond = the special bonds that exists between the _______ group and the _________ group in an amino acid • there are over ____ different types of amino acids because the _____ groups differ 20

34. Functions of Proteins: Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because they have a wide range of ___________. These functions include: • movement and formation of _______ and muscles e.g. functions bones collagen / actin & myosin

36. chemical enzymes b. controlling the rates of _________ reactions e.g. c. transporting substances in and out of cells e.g. hemoglobin

37. disease antibodies • fighting off _________ e.g. • regulation and _____________ e.g. homeostasis insulin

38. C H O N P D. Nucleic Acids = Polymeric compounds composed of nucleotides which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ e.g. DNA , RNA

39. Monomers of Nucleic Acids: • nucleotide = small compounds that consist of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous _______ e.g. phosphate base adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine & uracil

40. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar)

42. Functions of Nucleic Acids • The main function of nucleic acids is to work together to make ___________ • DNA stores hereditary information for building the ___________ • RNA helps to build the ________ proteins proteins proteins

43. DNA RNA