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Understanding Multicomputers and Middleware in Distributed Systems

Learn about tightly-coupled CPUs in multicomputers, remote procedure calls, network hardware, and file system-based middleware. Understand interconnection topologies and achieving uniformity with middleware in distributed systems.

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Understanding Multicomputers and Middleware in Distributed Systems

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  1. Multiple Processors, A Network, An OS, and Middleware 8.1 Multiprocessors 8.2 Multicomputers 8.3 Distributed systems Chapter 8

  2. Multicomputers • Definition:Tightly-coupled CPUs that do not share memory • Also known as • cluster computers • clusters of workstations (COWs) CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  3. Interconnection topologies (a) single switch (b) ring (c) grid (d) double torus (e) cube (f) hypercube Multicomputer Hardware (1) CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  4. Remote Procedure Call (1) • Steps in making a remote procedure call • the stubs are shaded gray CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  5. Remote Procedure Call (2) Implementation Issues • Cannot pass pointers • call by reference becomes copy-restore (but might fail) • Weakly typed languages • client stub cannot determine size • Not always possible to determine parameter types • Cannot use global variables • may get moved to remote machine CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  6. Distributed Systems (1) Comparison of three kinds of multiple CPU systems CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  7. Distributed Systems (2) Achieving uniformity with middleware CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  8. Network Hardware (1) Computer • Ethernet (a) classic Ethernet (b) switched Ethernet (a) (b) CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  9. Network Hardware (2) The Internet CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  10. Network Services and Protocols (1) Network Services CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  11. Network Services and Protocols (2) • Internet Protocol • Transmission Control Protocol • Interaction of protocols CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  12. Document-Based Middleware (1) • The Web • a big directed graph of documents CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  13. Document-Based Middleware (2) How the browser gets a page • Asks DNS for IP address • DNS replies with IP address • Browser makes connection • Sends request for specified page • Server sends file • TCP connection released • Browser displays text • Browser fetches, displays images CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  14. File System-Based Middleware (1) • Transfer Models (a) upload/download model (b) remote access model (b) (a) CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  15. File System-Based Middleware (2) Naming Transparency (b) Clients have same view of file system (c) Alternatively, clients with different view Location Transparency vs. Location Independence? CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  16. File System-Based Middleware (3) • Semantics of File sharing • (a) single processor gives sequential consistency • (b) distributed system may return obsolete value CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

  17. File System-Based Middleware (4) • AFS – Andrew File System • workstations grouped into cells • note position of venus and vice • Client's view CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified from MOS2 slides by A. Tanenbaum)

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