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Chapter 20 T&E . Western Europe During the High Middle Ages 1000 - 1500 CE. List 5 things you see that we’ve studied. Be specific and number them!. Trade Routes on Stained Glass. 12th & 13th Century Italy. Florence and Flanders. Florence Vermeer.
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Chapter 20 T&E Western Europe During the High Middle Ages 1000 - 1500 CE
List 5 things you see that we’ve studied • Be specific and number them!
Florence and Flanders • Florence Vermeer
Turmoil and Disarray Plague Europe 500 - 1000 • Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne) provided order for only a short time • World economy dominated by Tang, Song, Abbasid and Byzantine
1000-1300 a series of regional states leads to • Increased agricultural production • Population growth • Long distance trade • Cities • Cultural achievements
Holy Roman Empire (Germany) • Begins with Otto 962 Pope declares him emperor • Neither pope nor empires can dominate • Papal policies stop HRE from expanding (investiture controversy)
Capetian Kings in France • By 1300 centralize power
England • 1066 Duke William of Normandy invades • William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion
Regional States in Italy and Spain • Ecclesiastical states, city states and principalities vie for power. • By 1100 series of prosperous city states control themselves and land around them. Examples include: Florence, Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Bologna
Spain • By 1300 Castile, Aragon and Portugal push back Muslims.
Reconquista replete with culturally charged imagery • Analyze this picture: 1) what do you see? • 2) what does it mean?
Describe again • 1)What do you see • 2) What does it mean?
As in China, India & Islamic World, agricultural production is key to prosperity • Opening of new lands • New crops and new techniques fostered by pamphlets in the vernacular • Watermills, heavy plows, horse collar and horse shoes • In Mediterranean new foods from Islamic lands
1000 - 1300 strong population growth stimulates revival of towns and trade • Northern Italy, Flanders and the area known as Champagne in Northern France led the way. • Cities of Italy & Flanders become centers of weaving, spinning & dyeing of wool fuels economic development especially in Northern Italy
Commercial Networks of Italian city states expand • Salt, olive oil, wine, glass are exchanged for gems, spices and silk from India, SE Asia and China that Muslim merchants bring to eastern Mediterranean markets
Diasporic communities by 1200 • Venice and Genoa establish communities in Constantinople, Cairo, Alexandria and in the Black Sea region • These trading posts allow them to deal with Muslim merchants engaged in Indian Ocean and overland trade
Commerce also in North • Baltic & North Sea areas had the Hanseatic League • Dominate trade in fish, timber, pitch and grain • Fairs of Champagne link the North and South of Europe
As in China & Islamic World… • Increased trade leads to development of credit, banking and new forms of business organization • Risk pooling, letters of credit and other innovations follow
Social Change • In general there were 3 estates or classes • The 1st estate was the clergy • The 2nd estate was the nobility • 3rd estate everyone else including serfs, peasants, urban workers (butchers, bakers, brewers) and more prosperous merchants, bankers etc. • Only 3rd Estate paid taxes, and there were intense legal & civil inequalities in this schema • Why might rising middle class ally with monarchs against nobility?
The Three Estates • What do you see? What does it mean? Why does it matter?
Chivalry - did it exist? • Originally attempt by Church to stop bloodshed among nobles • Women such as Eleanor of Aquitane promoted it because it stressed refined behavior, respectful relationships and romantic love. • Spread by troubadours in Italy and Southern France who were influenced by love poetry in nearby Muslim Spain.
Independent Cities • Expansion of urban working population allowed them to pay their way out of control by the nobles and guide themselves. • Within cities tolls and taxes abolished • Sometimes cities organized leagues to protect their interests (Hansa) • They were not overly egalitarian (cities) Explain
Guilds • By 1200 control much of urban economies • Control: prices, amounts produced, quality and entrance. (Remember Turkish guild in DBQ) • Created social infrastructure - health, funerals, socializing at the guild hall. • Master, journeyman, apprentice
Guilds -what professions, symbol & activities can you identify?
Women had more equality in cities • Women were in most guilds and dominated some • Increasing prominence of women in European society shows importance of cities as agents of social change
European Christianity • Produce synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Christian values. • As wealth grows and society becomes more complex, more educated people are needed. • Latin based universities develop (in part due to academic guilds) in Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge and elsewhere
Aristotle • As commerce increases between the Byzantine Empire, & W. Europe translations of Aristotle become available • Scholastic Theology - Thomas Aquinas - sees no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian belief • Aquinas felt God’s existence could be proved rationally. • Scholastic philosophy = synthesis of reason & faith like neo-Confucian Zhu Xi or Islamic philosopher Ibn Rushd - reinterpretation of inherited beliefs in light of most advanced knowledge
Aristotle Contemplating Bust of Homer by Rembrandt 1650 • Starting in the High Middle Ages & accelerating in the Renaissance a love of pre-Christian Greek and Roman culture occurs
Popular Religion • Most could care less about philosophy • Popular piety revolved around sacraments & devotion to saints especially Virgin Mary & to “relics” • Pilgrimages also popular (Canterbury Tales)
As wealth increased so to did fear society was becoming too materialistic • To many, Church officials seemed too caught up in wealth and lining Church’s coffers • Mendicant orders seek reform within Church (Franciscans and Dominicans) • Outside Church - Waldensians & Albigensians more radical in denouncing Church materialism and feeling laity could run the show without priests (Christ is here and man is he angry!) • Resentment was also nationalistic because fundraising goes to Rome. • Sale of indulgences
Albigensian Heresy • He holds out his right hand in gesture of clemency towards one of the condemned located in the middle section of the composition at the foot of the staircase, accompanied by a Dominican monk. This figure has been identified as Raimundo de Corsi who, according to accounts of the life of Saint Dominic, renounced the Albigensian heresy.
Military Expansion • As wealth and population increase more powerful states and willing clergy seek to colonize pagan and Muslim lands for the church • Vikings, Scandinavians & Baltic region are converted by force ( Teutonic Knights conquer & introduce Christianity to Prussia, Lithuania)
