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An Outdoor Menace Don’t be “Ticked” By Lyme Disease

An Outdoor Menace Don’t be “Ticked” By Lyme Disease. What you may not know. Did you know?. The number of Americans diagnosed with Lyme Disease is estimated to be about 300,000

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An Outdoor Menace Don’t be “Ticked” By Lyme Disease

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  1. An Outdoor MenaceDon’t be “Ticked” By Lyme Disease What you may not know D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  2. Did you know? The number of Americans diagnosed with Lyme Disease is estimated to be about 300,000 Although Lyme Disease is commonly associated with the Northeast part of the U.S., the number of cases are becoming more prevalent in other parts of the country as well Lyme Disease risk is increasing due to bites from the blacklegged tick Lyme Disease has recently been confirmed in humans residing in the South D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  3. A Brief History • First discovered in the mid-1970s • Symptoms observed in children from Lyme, Connecticut • Initially diagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis • Clinicians targeted causative agent as infectious bacteria • Isolated from the gut of ticks endemic to Shelter Island, NY • Confirmation made by Willy Burgdorfer, NIAID researcher D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  4. WHAT IS LYME DISEASE? • Infectious Disease • Caused by spirochete bacterium • Transmitted by ticks • Multi-systemic • Signs & Symptoms • Fever • Headache • Fatigue • Skin rash • Infection D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  5. WHO CAN GET LYME DISEASE? • Hikers • Hunters • Campers • Fishermen • Gardeners • Landscapers • Rural Inhabitants • Outdoor Recreation Lovers D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  6. THE CULPRIT SPIROCHETE BACTERIUM BORRELIA SPECIES B. burgdorferi B. americana B andersonii D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  7. HOW LYME DISEASE IS TRANSMITTED • An unfed nymph carries spirochete bacteria in the lumenal side of its gut • Spirochetes multiply 17-fold in the midgut • Spirochetes travel from midgut through hemolymph to the salivary glands • Regurgitated gut fluid is transmitted during feeding through salivary glands • Salivary glands release spirochetes into vertebrate host D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  8. THE VECTOR(aka Spirochete Transmitter) D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  9. LYME DISEASE HOSTS Mice Deer Humans Wild Birds Other Animals D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  10. TICK LIFE CYCLE D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  11. MECHANISM OF ACTION AGENT DUAL PATHWAY D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  12. TICK GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  13. How do the cases stack up? D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  14. Case Prevalence D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  15. Cases by Age and Sex D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  16. LYME DISEASE SURVEILLANCE • Regular surveillance is done by the CDC • Reports are submitted by U.S. Health Departments • Lyme Disease information is made available to the public through the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report • Public health practitioners use reported information to tailor interventions especially for endemic populations D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  17. A Look at Some Signs Spreading Rash Classic Bull’s Eye Rash D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  18. PREVENTION! Outdoor Protection Tick Removal D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  19. A testimony from someone who knows… D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  20. TREATMENT OPTIONS • If caught early, Lyme Disease can be treated with one of the following antibiotics: • Doxycycline • Amoxicillin • Cefuroxine Axetil • If the illness is related to neurological or cardiac complications, intravenous application of the following may be required: • Penicillin • Ceftriaxone D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  21. REFERENCES • American Lyme Disease Foundation (ALDF). (2011). U.S. maps and statistics. Retrieved from http://www.aldf.com/usmap.shtml • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Americans diagnosed with Lyme disease: Number may be 10 times more than reported. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Confirmed lyme disease cases by age and sex - - United States, 2001 – 2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebyagesex.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Life cycle of blacklegged ticks. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/blacklegged.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Life cycle of hard ticks that spread disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/life_cycle_and_hosts.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014, May). Lime disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Lyme Disease. Treatment. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/index.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Lyme disease frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/faq/index.html#lonestar on • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Reported cases of lyme disease by year, United States, 2003 – 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/casesbyyear.html D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  22. REFERENCES, Cont’d • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Lyme Disease. Reported cases of lyme disease: United States, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps/map2012.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Signs and symptoms of lyme disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008, October). Surveillance for lyme disease – United States, 1996 – 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(SS10):1-9. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5710a1.htm • Clark, K., Leydet, B., & Hartman, S. (2013). Lyme borreliosis in human patients in Florida and Georgia, USA. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(7):915-931. doi:10.7150/ijms.6273. • Clark, K. (2014, May 14). Lyme disease is spreading. [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwVuzx3RdZc • Eisen, R., Piesman, J., Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., & Eisen, L. (2012). What do we need to know about disease ecology to prevent Lyme disease in the northeastern United States? Journal of Medical Entomology, 49(1):1-236. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME11138 • Fallon, B., & Nields, J. (1994, November). Lyme disease: A neuropsychiatric illness. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(11):1571-1583. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=170646 • Gathany, J. & Nicholson, W. (2013). Americans diagnosed with Lyme disease: Number may be 10 times more than reported. ScienceDaily. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm • Hamer, S., Tsao, J., Walker, E., & Hickling, G. (2010, August). Invasion of the lyme disease vector ixodesscapularis: Implications for Borreliaburgdorferiendemicity. Ecohealth, 7(1):47-63. doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0287-0. D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  23. REFERENCES, Cont’d • Hear Nebraska. (2012). Concert to benefit lyme disease treatment, education. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://hearnebraska.org/feature/concert-benefit-lyme-disease-treatment-education-guest-column/ • Lime Disease.org. (2013). Touched by lyme: How to protect yourself in tick territory. Retrieved from http://lymedisease.org/news/touchedbylyme/protect-yourself-from-ticks.html • Lime Disease Guide.org. (LDG) (n.d.). Lime disease morphology. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-morphology • Lyme Disease Guide.org. (n.d.). Lyme disease prevention – vaccination. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-prevention-vaccination • Middlesex-London Health Unit (MLHU). (2014). How to properly remove a tick. [Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.healthunit.com/submit-tick-health-unit • Munderloh, P. & Kurtti, T. (2005). The abc’s of lyme disease spirochaetes in ticks. The Lancet, 366:962. [PDF]. • New York State Department of Health (NYSDH). (2011). Lyme disease (tick-borne borreliosis, lyme arthritis). Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/lyme/fact_sheet.htm • Nuttall, P. A., & Labuda, M. (2004). Tick-host interactions: Saliva-activated transmission. Parasitology, 129, S177-89. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/750573476?accountid=14872 • Piesman, J., & Schneider, B. (2002). Dynamic changes in lyme disease spirochetes during transmission by nymphal ticks. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 28(1-4), 141-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220128404?accountid=14872 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

  24. REFERENCES, Cont’d • Radolf, J., Caimano, M., Stevenson, B. & Hu, L. (2012, February). Of ticks, mice, and men: understanding the dual host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10:87-99. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2714. • Sheil, W. Jr. (2014). Lyme disease pictures slideshow: Symptoms and treatment. MedicineNet.com. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/lyme_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.htm • University of North Florida (UNF). (2014, May). Lyme disease confirmed in humans from southern states. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140513091115.htm • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2012). A history of lyme disease, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/lymedisease/understanding/Pages/intro.aspx • Virginia Department of Public Health (VDPH). (2014). Vector-borne disease control. Retrieved from http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/ D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165

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