The Coagulant and Flocculant for alternative

1. The Coagulant and Flocculant for alternative Present to Provincial Waterworks Authority By Behn Meyer Techno-Chemical

2. Behn Meyer GroupSince 1840 • Group History • Behn Meyer today • Behn Meyer Thailand • Behn Meyer Chemical (T) Co., Ltd. • Behn Meyer Techno-Chemicals (T) Co., Ltd.

3. 1. Group History • Milestones • 1840 founded as Behn Meyer & Co. in Singapore • 1857 foundation of Arnold Otto Meyer in Hamburg • 1914 Singapore, Malaya, Indonesia, China, Phillipines, • 1955 re-incorporated in Singapore as Behn Meyer & Co. (Pte.) Ltd. • 2001 Arnold Otto Meyer re-named Behn Meyer (D) Holding AG &Co • Milestones Behn Meyer Thailand • 1907 founded under the name of Behn Meyer & Co. • 1978 foundation of Behn Meyer Engineering Co., Ltd. • 1982 foundation of Behn Meyer & Co. (T) Ltd. • 2002 foundation of Behn Meyer Chemical (T) Co. Ltd. • 2007 BME re-named Behn Meyer Techno-chemicals (T)

4. The focus of the group today is on the supply and distribution of specialty products, representing worldclass manufacturers or from its own production. 2. Behn Meyer today

5. 2. Behn Meyer today The group‘s business lines can be categorized into three main groups: Chemical Agricare Trading • Countries • Singapore • Malaysia • Thailand • Indonesia • Vietnam • Myanmar • Cambodia • Germany • The Netherlands

6. 3. Behn Meyer Thailand

7. The new alternative coagulantfor water treatment Aluminum Chlorohydrate By Gulbrandsen Technologies,Inc Clinton,NJ 08809 USA

8. What Are Coagulants ? Coagulants are chemicals, typically salts of iron or aluminum, that cause suspended solids in water to agglomerate into larger particles which can then be removed by physical separation methods.

9. TRADITIONAL Aluminum Sulfate (alum) Aluminum Chloride Ferric Sulfate Ferric Chloride LAST 15-20 YEARS Polyaluminum Salts Chlorides Chlorosulfates Silica Sulfates ACH Polymer Blends Common Coagulants

10. Typical coagulants

11. Aluminum Chlorohydrate • ACH is a highly conc.Solution of polyaluminum hydroxychloride by having a highest Al conc. ( 23% Al2O3 ) • The basicity of ACH at 83% is also the highest available for any polyaluminum based solution.

12. Aluminum Chlorohydrate • The highly polymerized species in ACH have much higher cationic charge than Aluminum in standard salt. • ACH can offer both higher level of performance and lower dosages.

13. PAC / ACH Basicity • The polymeric aluminum species present are determined by the degree of neutralization, which is usually reported as BASICITY: % Basicity= [OH] / (3 x [Al]) x 100 • BASICITY (polymerization) is increased by replacing chloride ions with hydroxyl ions during manufacturing.

14. Why PACl or ACH? • The primary functional benefit of PACl’s / ACH vs traditional coagulants like Alum is the higher charge on the aluminum.

15. Objective of Coagulant “ The Goal of using Coagulants in Water Treatment is the removal of Suspended Solids and soluble and insoluble organic material.”

16. Suspended Solid Suspended Solids are stable in solution due to small size / low density and negative surface charge.

17. Effects of Solids Potable Water • Turbidity • Taste & Odor • Cryptosporidium and Giardia Waste Water • TSS - Total Suspended Solids • Corrosion (Erosive and biological) • Insoluble BOD • Insoluble Phosphorus

18. TOC • Organic acids; humic acid, fluvic acid, etc.

19. Surface Charge Negative Surface charges on particles help stabilize them in aqueous solution. The higher the charge to surface area ratio, the more stable the particle

20. Particle Size Matters Particle Classification mm mm/s Gravel 1.0 100 Coarse Sand 0.4 42 Sand 0.1 8.0 Fine Sand 0.02 0.62 Silt 0.004 0.025

21. What are the Benefit of the Polymerization in PAC / ACH? • Increasing polymerization means Higher Cationic charge. • The aluminum maintains its charge in water longer and over a wider range of conditions.

22. 1: Benefit of Higher Charge • Higher Charge means more effective Charge Neutralization: Schultz -Hardy Rule: C = k / Z6 C = Concentration, Z = Charge, k = constant

23. Schultz-Hardy Rule Predictions

24. Shultz-Hardy Rule

25. Schultz-Hardy Theory vs. Real Life Application • Real Life: Other factors effect the charge neutralization mechanism; pH, Temperature, Hydrolysis • The bottom line is that the higher charge on the aluminum in PACl or ACH allows it to coagulate more solids with a lower dose than a simple aluminum or iron salt.

26. 2: Benefit of Longer Lasting Charge The aluminum chloride complex stays soluble longer than an aluminum sulfate ion

27. Steps in the Coagulation Process - Simple Metal Salts • Charge Neutralization - Positive Charge on Coagulant eliminates negative charge on particles - Minimal impactdue to time factor: 10-4 seconds • Coagulant forms hydroxide which has a larger physical structure. • Mixing causes particles to collide and they begin to agglomerate.

28. How Do Traditional Coagulants Work? When simple Aluminum (or Iron) salts are added to water, they produce a positively charged ion: Al2(SO4)3 >>>>>> 2 Al3+ + 3 SO42- The positive charge can destabilize the negative surface charge on suspended particles.

29. How Do Traditional Coagulants remove TOC? Alum, for example, must be added until the pH falls into the range where the aluminum ion is soluble (< 5) and then removes the organic acid through charge neutralization. Ferric chloride sometimes operates at pH < 4. The problem is that the pH must be brought back up.

30. Coagulation with PAC/ACH • The charge neutralization with simple aluminum or iron coagulants happens very rapidly; 10-4 seconds. • The Charge neutralization with PAC/ACH occurs over a much larger time frame – giving more time for the higher charge to destabilize the particles

31. Polyaluminum Coagulants • The complex structure of Polyaluminum Chlorides are stable in water in the pH range where aluminum typically forms aluminum hydroxide. • The charge on the complex is then available for direct interaction with the surface charges on the particles. • The structure of the complex remains as part of the floc, forming a smaller but denser floc than aluminum hydroxide.

32. Steps in the Coagulation Process - Polyaluminum Products • Charge Neutralization - Positive Charge on Polyaluminum Complex eliminates negative charge on particles - Primary mechanism for reaction • Polyaluminum Complex is bonded to the particle which helps to build floc mass though continued agglomeration • Mixing causes particles to collide and they begin to agglomerate.

33. Why ACH works more Effectively • More of the higher charge actually goes to charge neutralization. This means less is required to remove solids. • Also, in the case of TOC, a large drop in pH is not required because the aluminum stays soluble long enough to destabilize the organic acids.

34. Key Benefits of Polyaluminum Coagulants • LOWER DOSE - Higher Charge on Aluminum means less is needed. • Typical reductions in aluminum dose are • 30 - 60% for potable water, Higher for waste waters • SLUDGE REDUCTION - Lower dosage translate to less sludge, Polyaluminum sludges are easier to dewater. • LESS pH ADJUSTMENT REQUIRED - pH is impacted less than with traditional coagulants • BETTER PERFORMANCE - Higher removal rates and wider working pH range

35. The new organic coagulant and flocculant TANFLOC

36. TANFLOCVEGETABLE COAGULANT / FLOCCULANT

37. TANFLOC Renewable resources  Forest Without change the water characteristics Patented product and manufacturing process

38. TANAC S.A. • Base on South part of Brazil, since 1948 of producing vegetable tannin extract • From 260 sq.kmof land, 60 million renewable trees, the company export to 70 countries, in total 30,000 tons of Tannin extract and 500,000 tons of woodchip per year.

39. ENVIRONMENTAL CARE No effluent discharge Scrubbers in the Chaminees with close loop/cycle Filtration / separation of ash Spent bark fuels the boiler (energy conservation) Excess residues : ash + spent bark = organic fertilizer

40. TANNIN

41. TANNIN Hoverth ( 1981) gave one of the most satisfactory definitions of tannin : “Any phenolic compound of sufficiently high molecular weight containing sufficiently hydroxyls and other suitable group ( i.e. carboxyl ) to form effectively strong complexes with protein and other macromolecules under the particular environmental condition being studies “ Tannin can complex with Proteins, Starch, Cellulose, and Minerals.

42. TANNIN

43. TANFLOC Characteristics Organic Cationic Vegetable Polymer Non toxic, Low molecular weight Easy solution Biodegradable Consumed on the sludge Does not change the pH Act on a wide pH range

44. TANFLOC Characteristics • In colloidal systems, Tanfloc neutralises charges, unstabilizing them, producing flocculant and causing their sedimentation • Tanfloc chelates matellic ions dissolved in the water thus helping to reduce he medium’s degree of conductivity

45. TANFLOC Tanfloc can be used as the primary coagulant or as an auxiliary flocculation agent , being compatible with most of products sold on the market for this purpose

46. TANFLOC Quaternary ammonium tannate monomer

47. TANFLOC Quaternary ammonium tannate polymerized

48. R + NH 2 CH O 2 ++ Fe O HO O TANFLOC Chelating characteristic

49. + NH 2 CH O 2 Me O HO O TANFLOC Chelating characteristic R

50. TANFLOC- Flocs Form An irregular form , presenting a larger surface area than other flocculants with round flocs. This enable more efficient clarification with minor turbidity in final treated water