Cognitive Psychology, 2 nd Ed.

Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed. Chapter 6

Types of Long-Term Memory • Declarative memory refers to knowledge of events, facts, and concepts (knowing what). • Nondeclarative memory refers to skills and related procedural knowledge (knowing how).

Types of Declarative Memory • Episodic memory concerns the recollection of events that took place at specific places and times in the past. • Semantic memory concerns factual and conceptual knowledge about the world and the words used to symbolize such knowledge.

Encoding and Storing Events • Maintenance rehearsal refers to recycling information within short-term or working memory. • Elaborative rehearsal refers to linking information in short-term memory with information already stored in long-term memory.

Types of Memory Tests • Explicit or direct tests require the conscious recollection of information (e.g., recall and recognition). • Implicit or indirect tests require the use of information stored in long-term memory, but not its conscious recollection (e.g., perceptual priming and stem completion). • Priming effects might be augmented by conscious recall of the prime, just as recognition effects could reflect familiarity rather than recollection.

Principles of Encoding • Levels or depths of processing refers to a memory superiority for events attentively processed at a semantic as opposed to a sensory level. • Transfer appropriate processing holds that test performance depends on engaging in a process at encoding that is compatible with the demands of the test (e.g., recognition of words that rhyme with studied words is best when sensory, acoustic features are encoded).

Principles of Encoding • Distinctiveness refers to how the items to be learned are different from each other and other items stored in long-term memory. Item processing stresses differences (e.g., flashbulb memories). • Relational processing refers to how the items to be learned are related to each other and to other items stored in memory. It stresses similarities (e.g., subjective organization).

Retrieval Processes • Retrieval mode is an attempt or effort to retrieve an event stored in long-term memory. • Ecphory is the actual successful retrieval of an event.

Encoding Specificity • Specific encoding operations performed on what is perceived determines what retrieval cues are effective in producing access to what is stored. • A retrieval cue is only effective if it is associated with the to-be-remembered material at encoding.

Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry • Prefrontal activation in the right hemisphere is associated with retrieval mode. • Prefrontal activation in the left hemisphere is associated with encoding events.

Encoding Specificity Effects • Recall of unrecognizable words • Tip of the tongue (TOT) • Study-test interactions in environmental context • Mood congruence effect • State-dependent learning • Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview

Cognitive Psychology, 2 nd Ed.