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Bursting the Bonds of Empire

5. Bursting the Bonds of Empire. Bursting the Bonds of Empire. The Climactic Seven Years’ War The Crisis with Britain On the Brink of Rebellion Severing the Colonial Bonds Conclusion: Coming of Revolution. The Climactic Seven Years’ War. Background.

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Bursting the Bonds of Empire

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  1. 5 Bursting the Bonds of Empire

  2. Bursting the Bonds of Empire • The Climactic Seven Years’ War • The Crisis with Britain • On the Brink of Rebellion • Severing the Colonial Bonds • Conclusion: Coming of Revolution

  3. The Climactic Seven Years’ War

  4. Background • England reorganizes imperial administration • Board of Trade • Royal governors given more power • Attempts to enforce policy • Economic regulations tie England more closely to its colonies • England hopes to control Atlantic trade • War with Spain from 1739

  5. Outbreak of the War • As British colonies grow, conflicts with French increase • Fort-building along the British-French border • English send thousands of troops • Initial French victory • Indians ally with French • 1756 – British declare war on France • French and Indian war becomes a world war

  6. Fighting • Indians use European powers against each other • French defeated by 1760 • Capture of Montréal • Fighting continues elsewhere • England had defeated the power of France in North America

  7. Legacy • Treaty of Paris, 1763 • Spain gets New Orleans, Louisiana Territory • Indians now under British rule • Most alliances had been with the French • British issue Proclamation of 1763 • Colonies indebted, weakened

  8. North America After 1763

  9. The Crisis with Britain

  10. Legacy of the Seven Years’ War • George Grenville, George III’s chief minister • Debt • Cost of standing forces in North America • New taxes levied • Sugar Act, 1764 • Stamp Act, 1765

  11. Reactions to the Stamp Act • Virginia’s House of Burgesses responds • Debate led by Patrick Henry • Virginia Resolves

  12. Patrick Henry, Forceful Patriot Orator

  13. Reactions to the Stamp Act (cont’d) • Attacks on British agents • Stamp Act Congress, New York, September, 1765 • Sons of Liberty • Violent protest

  14. British Response • Declaratory Act 1766 • Townshend duties • Colonists attack agents that enforce the measure • British troops occupy Boston • Fire on crowd, 1770

  15. Phillis Wheatley

  16. On the Brink of Rebellion

  17. Protest among Farmers • Regulators • Farmers’ associations in North Carolina • Used force against courts, opponents • Attacked with British troops • Similar action in New York • Uprising against wealthy landlords

  18. Committees of Correspondence • 1772, British crown takes control in Massachusetts • Samuel Adam leads reaction in Boston • Committees of Correspondence • Further enflamed by Tea Act • Tea Act, 1773 • Intended to bail out East India Company • Leads to boycott, especially by colonial women

  19. American Liberty Abused

  20. The Continental Congress • Coercive Acts, 1774 • In response to Tea Party and other actions • Called Intolerable Acts in colonies • Boston harbor closed • Limited local government • Continental Congress called, 1774 • Representatives from twelve colonies • Local movements now tied together

  21. Urban Revolt • Revolt centered on urban areas • Philadelphia • Conflicts between merchants and artisans • Protest spreads, becomes radical

  22. Severing the Colonial Bonds

  23. Rupture • General Gage ordered to seize Boston rebels • Fighting at Lexington and Concord, April, 1775 • Second Continental Congress meets, May, 1775 • Olive Branch Petition sent to Britain • This attempt at reconciliation rebuffed

  24. Rupture (cont'd) • Common Sense • Successful in raising feeling against Britain

  25. Thomas Paine and the Title Page of Common Sense

  26. The Declaration of Independence • Resolution calling for independence, June 7, 1776 • Declaration issued, July 4

  27. Tearing Down the Statue of George III

  28. The Articles of Confederation • Continental Congress • Debate over powers of central government • Compromise reached • Articles of Confederation, 1777 • Congress given extensive powers • States given right to tax, but cede land claims • Central government has no coercive powers • Approved, 1780

  29. Western Land Claims Ceded by the States, 1782–1802

  30. Mobilizing • Calls both for war and for loyalty to Britain • Many protests, often extralegal • Revolutionary republicanism • Public virtue – ceding private interests to the public good • Factions – seen as destructive • Political equality – debate over extent

  31. Mobilizing (cont'd) • State governments reorganized • Constitutions written

  32. Debates over State Government • Pennsylvania • New constitution • Intense debate • Franchise extended to all white, taxpaying men • Massachusetts • John Adams helps write constitution • Two legislative houses

  33. Women and the Franchise • Few supported extension of the franchise to women • Women take part in printed debates • Vocal in pressing for rights, though not equality

  34. Mercy Otis Warren

  35. Conclusion:Coming of Revolution

  36. Conclusion:Coming of Revolution • Seven Years’ War • Britain controls most of North America • But Britain begins to reorganize colonies • Colonists begin to question their role • Colonists’ needs versus imperial goals • More colonists become politically active

  37. Timeline

  38. Timeline

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