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Rebound from a practice perspective Towards a better understanding of people’s interactions with heat pumps in Norway

Rebound from a practice perspective Towards a better understanding of people’s interactions with heat pumps in Norway Tanja Winther and Hal Wilhite , SUM, University of Oslo CREE Workshop 16-17 September 2013, Oslo .

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Rebound from a practice perspective Towards a better understanding of people’s interactions with heat pumps in Norway

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  1. Rebound from a practice perspectiveTowards a better understanding of people’s interactions with heat pumps in Norway Tanja Winther and Hal Wilhite, SUM, University of Oslo CREE Workshop 16-17 September 2013, Oslo

  2. Heat pumps Likelyreductionofelectricityconsumption: 35%(ref. Enova, Norsk Varmepumpeforening)

  3. Presumedchain Goal: Energy savings Means: Introduce efficienttechnologythatprovidesthe same service as theonereplaced Result: Energy savings

  4. Rebound in energyacknowledged • Direct rebound: changes in whatpeople do withenergyundermine energy saving potential • Indirectrebound: savedcosts lead to increasedconsumption in otherfields (e.g. travel) “We find that the electricity savings potential of the increased use of heat pumps in Norwegian homes is completely offset by changes in consumption. Households with heat pumps maintain higher indoor temperatures, consume less alternative fuels and engage less in energy-saving behavior than other households.” SSB Discussion Papers No. 737, April 2013

  5. Socialpracticetheory • Attention to the routines of everyday life • Interrelationship between material and socio-cultural factors • People are not interested in energy per se, but the services that energy provides: light, heat, comfort, convenience, cleanliness Bourdieu (1977), Giddens (1984), Shatski(1996), Reckwitz (2002), applied to energy consumption Warde(2005), Halkier et al. (2011), Wilhite (2013)

  6. New technology: presume 3 important drivers for change (sourcesofagency) • Practical knowledge embedded in the routines into which the technology is inserted • Cognitive knowledge conveyed in the know-how transfer related to the new technology • The “scripts” for use embedded in the new technology (Akrich 1994)

  7. Our study • Question: What do people do when they rebound? • Aim: Widen the understanding of the rebound effect through a practice perspective by analysing people’s interactions with heat pumps in Norwegian homes • 28 in-depthinterviews (15 winter /13 summer time) • Recruitedthrough SSB-participants + othermeans • Oslo, Akershus, Vestfold and Trøndelag • Mostlydetached houses, owned by thefamily • Researchers, assistants, interview guide, interviewsrecorded + transcribed

  8. Findings • All the families (oneexception) cherishthe heat pump for providing increasedcomfort • Some – but far from all – thinkthey have savedenergy and costs. Only 4 saidthateconomywastheiruniquereason for investment.Three families reported to have saved15-30%. • More a feeling ofhavingsavedthan a documentedeffect (fewkeeptrackofconsumption) • Nobodyknowswhatsavedmoney is spent on • 18% usethe pump for cooling • Reflexivity: Denyrebound, butdetailedaccounts reveal thatrebound has indeedtakenplace

  9. The reference: existingheatinghabits Electricityconsumptionincreases, costof fossile fuelavoided • Oil burners and non-working stoves • Extensiveuseofwood • Electric heating • A mix ofheatingsourcesbeforeandafter: complexinterplay in terms ofcosts and alsootheraspectsofthepractices Electricityconsumptionincreases Electricityconsumptiondecreases

  10. Variousdevicestogetherprovidecomfort • “The heat pump helps distributing the hot air from the stove to other parts of the building” • “I keep on the electric heating cables in the entrance at given temperature, and these will turn off automatically when the pump has provided a satisfactory indoor temperature in the whole house.”

  11. And sometimesfrustration • «I cangetangrywhenthe pump does not respondwhen I try to adjustthetemperaturewiththeremotecontrol.»

  12. Acknowledging agency of heat pumps • «My sistercalls her heat pump Fredric» (laughs) • «It willidle...» (den vil hvile seg…) • «Shewillsometimes run wildly» (Hu blir noen ganga spinnvill)

  13. Appreciatingincreasedcomfort • I rememberhowawful it was to enterthecoldentrance in my parents’ house, I don’twantthat • Waking up in themorning, wehad to start the oven beforedoinganythingelse and wait for the heat • Cominghome from work, fetchingwood, heatingthe stove and starting to cookdinnerwhilethechildrenwantedattention… • We like to hearthechildren at night time, so wekeepthedoorsopen • I enjoy the fragrance coming from the newly washed clothes which I leave to dry in front of the pump

  14. Script for use: distributionof heat

  15. Listening to expertadvice • Central position in thehome • «He saidthatweshould not bother to turn it on and offbecause it willnot make us save energy and it candamagethe pump in thelong term» • «Will save energy»

  16. Summaryoffindings (I) • 12 of 25 families (48%) purchased a heat pump at the time of a major renovation, someexpandingspace • Shifttowardsheatingthewhole house and not just parts of it • Indoortemperaturereported to be the same, but most families let the heat pump run constantlydayand night and whenbeingaway from the house • Heatingseasonreported to be the same as before (September-June), butexceptions • Users perceiveincreasedcomfort, a senseofreducedcosts and beingenvironmentallyfriendly: «It’s very special to feel like being environmentally friendly and staying in a house heated to 23 degrees”

  17. Summary, observedchain (2) Means: Introduce efficienttechnologythatprovidesthe same service as theonereplaced Goal: Energy savings Result: Energy savings Results: IncreasedcomfortConvenience/control Improvedair quality Safety Energy savings?? Means: Introduce heat pump to be used in combination withexistingheatingsources and shapeheatingpractices and otherpracticeswhichfulfullthevarousneedsofthefamily Goals: Comfort Save money Avoidhasslewithwood Avoidoilburner Findsuitedsolutionwhenrenovating Cooling

  18. Conceivingcomfortrebound, threedimensions • Spatial rebound: expansionofheatedspace • Enlargedphysicalspace • EnlargedheatedspaceImpactofknow-how: circulationof air • Temporal rebound: expansion in heating time • Drive: time management • Impactofknow-how, butalsomixedadvices: uncertainty • Residual, mixed purposes • In our material: attending to children, better air quality, dryingclothes etc.

  19. Three drivers for changethattogethershapenewpractices COGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE Know-hownewtechnology SCRIPTS Embedded in newtechnology PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE embedded in existingroutines e.g. heat pumps designed for circulating air, requireopenspace e.g. «I wasfeezing, wehad to do something» e.g. expert: «Don’t turn it on and off»

  20. Thankyou

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