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Uniform Titles for Music: Benefits and Principles

This article discusses the importance of uniform titles in music cataloging and provides examples and principles for creating uniform titles. It covers generic, distinctive, and collective titles, as well as the use of thematic indexes.

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Uniform Titles for Music: Benefits and Principles

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  1. Uniform titles for music CLA Technical Services Interest Group & the Music Library Association, Southern California Chapter, April 13, 2012 John Redford, Biola University

  2. Why have Uniform Titles for music? • Consider the publishing history of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony: • Symphony no. 5  • Symphony in C minor • FunfteSymphonie • 5e Symphonie • 5th Symphony, op. 67 • Symphonie en utmineur • Symphonie nr. 5, C moll, op. 67 • Beethoven’s celebrated symphony no. 5

  3. Uniform titles… • Collocate records for a work appearing under various titles (e.g. Beethoven’s 5th) • Collocate different manifestations of a work, e.g. scores (full score, study score etc.); sound recordings; video recordings • Distinguish different works with similar or the same title • Gather together items that contain similar types of works under a collective uniform title

  4. And the U.T. is • Symphonies, ǂn no. 5, op. 67, ǂr C minor

  5. Sample catalog record

  6. See… • Weitz, Uniform Title Headings • OCLC BFAS: 240 Uniform Title • for definitions, MARC coding and examples • AACR2 Ch. 25 (25.25 for music)

  7. The good news! • Unlikely that you’ll have to formulate them • Even for original cataloging there’s a very good chance that the U.T. has already been created for another manifestation of the work • Let’s look in the Authority File… • However…

  8. You should be able to • Recognize U.T.s • Understand U.T.s • Search authority file

  9. Consider the music reference role • Stanford has over 6000 entries for Mozart • How to find Mozart’s Symphony no. 40 in G minor, K. 550 • Uniform title: Symphonies, ǂn K. 550, ǂr G minor • Search for Mozart and K. 550 to retrieve all manifestations (well maybe not all; we’ll get to collective titles shortly)

  10. Principles of Uniform Titles • A Brief Introduction by Matthew Wise • http://library.music.indiana.edu/tech_s/mla/ut.gui • Or Google: music uniform titles

  11. Three types • Generic e.g. concerto, sonata, intermezzo, string quartet • Distinctive e.g. Phantom of the opera, Stardust • Collective e.g. Piano music. Selections, Chamber music, Orchestral music

  12. Generic • Uniform titles are usually required for all musical forms (concerto, symphony, trio sonatas, etc.), genres (capriccio, nocturne, intermezzo, etc.), and chamber music combinations (trio, quartet, quintet, etc.).

  13. Examples • Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 1873-1943. • Concertos, ǂm piano, orchestra, ǂn no. 2, op. 18, ǂr C minor • Piano concerto no. 2 in C minor, op. 18 • Chopin, Frederic, 1810-1849. • Waltzes, ǂm piano, ǂn op. 69. ǂn No. 2 • Valse in B minor, op. 69, no. 2

  14. Examples • Bartok Bela, 1881-1945. • Quartets, ǂm strings, ǂn no. 4 • Streichquartett IV • (Initial title element isolated: see AACR2 25.28) • Respighi, Ottorino, 1879-1936. • Quintets, ǂm piano, strings, ǂr F minor • Quintetto in faminore per pianoforte e archi

  15. Uniform titles… • may reflect single works or collections of consecutively numbered similar works. The titles are always given in the plural, unless the composer has written only one work of that type. • Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 1809-1847. • Sonatas, ǂm clarinet, piano, ǂr E♭ major • Sonate Es-dur fur Klarinette und Klavier

  16. Examples • Reger, Max, 1873-1916. • Sonatas, ǂm clarinet, piano, ǂn no. 1-3 • DreiSonaten fur Klarinette und Klavier • Bernstein, Leonard, 1918- • Sonata, ǂm clarinet, piano • Sonata for clarinet and piano

  17. Instrumentation, serial numbers,… • opus numbers, thematic index numbers, quantitative numbers, keys, and composition dates are moved to subordinate positions in the uniform title, or are omitted. However, integral adjectives which were part of the composer's original title are retained at the beginning. • Schoenberg, Arnold, 1874-1951. • Stücke, ǂm orchestra, ǂn op. 16 • FunfOrchesterstucke, Opus 16

  18. Example • Kabalevsky, Dmitry Borisovich, 1904- • Lëgkiepʹesy, ǂn op. 39 • 24 little pieces, op. 39, for the piano

  19. Thematic indexes • Also called Thematic Catalogs • An index of a composer’s works usually in either chronological or genre order with musical incipits • Opus numbers may be used e.g. Beethoven, or a system devised by the indexer e.g. Kochel/Mozart; Hoboken/Haydn; Deutsch/Schubert, or another numbering system e.g. BWV/Bach (Bach WerkVerzeichnis = catalog of Bach’s works)

  20. Thematic indexes • Music catalogers authorized to create name headings and uniform titles need thematic catalogs and other reference tools such as New Grove to ascertain works and formulate unique uniform titles. • E.g. a publication merely stating Violin Concerto in G by Vivaldi does not state which of the 14 he wrote in that key!

  21. Distinctive titles • For non-generic or "distinctive" titles, the title in the original language is preferred. These may be found in the composer's worklist in the New Grove Dictionary, the composer's thematic catalog, or other authoritative sources. • Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. • Symphoniefantastique • Fantastic symphony

  22. Examples • Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay, 1844-1908. • Zolotoĭ petushok • The golden cockerel • Puccini, Giacomo, 1858-1924. • Fanciulla del West • The girl of the golden West

  23. For classical works with “popular” titles, • …the generic uniform title is preferred. • Schubert, Franz, 1797-1828. • Quintets, ǂm piano, violin, viola, violoncello, double bass, ǂn D. 667, ǂr A major • Trout quintet for piano and strings, op. 114 • Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827. • Sonatas, ǂm piano, ǂn no. 14, op. 27, no. 2, ǂr C♯ minor • Moonlight sonata

  24. Separate parts of larger works… • are hierarchically identified through uniform titles. • Handel, George Frideric, 1685-1759. • Messiah. ǂp Hallelujah • Hallelujah chorus, from The Messiah

  25. examples • Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883. • Meistersinger von Nürnberg. ǂp Vorspiel • Prelude to the Mastersingers of Nuremburg • Barber, Samuel, 1910-1981. • Quartets, ǂm strings, ǂn no. 1, op. 11, ǂr B minor. ǂp Adagio; ǂo arr. • Adagio for strings

  26. Arrangements for different instrumentations… • are related to their original formats through uniform titles. • Rossini, Gioacchino, 1792-1868. • Guillaume Tell. ǂpOuverture; ǂo arr. • William Tell overture : transcribed for military band

  27. Example • Copland, Aaron, 1900- • Sonatas, ǂm violin, piano; ǂo arr. • Sonata for clarinet and piano

  28. Full scores, vocal scores,… • librettos, and translations are hierarchically identified through uniform titles. • Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 1756-1791. Zauberflöte. ǂs Vocal score. ǂl Italian & German • Die Zauberflote...mitUbersetzung ins Italienische

  29. Collective titles • Complete works, miscellaneous collections, complete collections of a specific type, and selective collections of a specific type are uniquely identified through uniform titles. • Brahms, Johannes, 1833-1897. • Works • SamtlicheWerke

  30. Examples • Brahms, Johannes, 1833-1897. • Selections • Opus 23, opus 24, opus 18, opus 90 • Brahms, Johannes, 1833-1897. • Piano music. ǂk Selections • Complete sonatas and variations for solo piano

  31. Music catalogers go beyond the call of duty…

  32. Searching the authority file • Find the correct uniform title for: • Adagio from "Moonlight sonata" for violin & piano / Beethoven • Rite of spring / Stravinsky • Selections from Songs without words / Mendelssohn

  33. And a bit of fun… • Find the uniform title for John Redford’s (d. 1547) contribution to the Mulliner book • What are the correct uniform titles for these arrangements (unpublished) by John Redford (fl. 2012): • Memory from Cats arranged for piano / Andrew Lloyd Webber • 18th variation from Rhapsody on a theme of Paganini arranged for solo piano / Sergei Rachmaninoff • Prelude from Ben-Hur arranged for brass quintet and organ / MiklosRozsa

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