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Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

22. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change. Asian Transitions. The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans Ming China: A Global Mission Refused Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge. Asian Transitions.

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Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

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  1. 22 Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

  2. Asian Transitions • The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans • Ming China: A Global Mission Refused • Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge

  3. Asian Transitions

  4. The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans • European discoveries • Products not wanted in East • Muslim traders: Indian Ocean, southern AsiaMissionary activity blocked by Islam • Asian political divisions advantageous

  5. The Asian Trading Network, c. 1500 • Arab zone • Glass, carpet, tapestries • Indian zone • Cotton textiles • Chinese zone • Paper, porcelain, silk goods

  6. The Asian Trading Network, c. 1500 • Marginal regions • Japan, southeast Asia, east Africa • Raw materials • Ivory, spices

  7. Routes and Major Products Exchanged in the Asian Trading Network, c. 1500

  8. Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut • Portuguese use military force • Diu, 1509 • Defeat Egyptian-Indian fleet • Forts for defense • Ormuz, 1507 • Goa, 1510 • Malacca • Goal: monopolize spice trade, control all shipping

  9. Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires • 17th century • English and Dutch challenge Portuguese control • Dutch • 1620, take Malacca • Fort built at Batavia, 1620 • Concentrate on certain spices • Generally use force less • Use traditional system

  10. Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires • English • India

  11. Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia • Europeans restricted to coastlines • permission needed to trade inland • Sporadic conflict • Portuguese, Dutch use force in Sri Lanka • Cinnamon • Spanish • Philippines • Take North

  12. Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia • Robert Di Nobili • Italian Jesuit • 1660s, conversion of upper-caste Indians

  13. The Pattern of Early European Expansion in Asia

  14. Ming China: A Global Mission Refused • Ming dynasty (1368-1644) • Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang • Helps expel Mongols • Takes name Hongwu, 1368 • Mongols forced north of Great Wall

  15. Another Scholar-Gentry Revival • Restoration of scholar-gentry • High offices • Imperial schools restored • Civil service exam re-established

  16. Reform: Hongwu's Efforts to Root Out Abuses in Court Politics • Chief minister • Position abolished • Hongwu takes powers • Imperial wives from modest families

  17. A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance • Agricultural reforms • To improve peasants' lives • Balanced by encroaching landlord power • Women • Confined • Bearing male children stressed

  18. An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts • American food crops • Marginal lands farmed • Chinese manufactured goods in demand • Merchants profit • Patronage of fine arts • Innovations in literature • Woodblock printing

  19. An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts • American food crops • Marginal lands farmed • Chinese manufactured goods in demand • Merchants profit • Patronage of fine arts • Innovations in literature • Woodblock printing

  20. Ming China and the Zheng HeExpedition, 1405-1433

  21. Ming Decline and the Chinese Predicament • Weak leaders • Public works • Failures leading to starvation, rebellion • Landlords exploitative • 1644, dynasty overthrown

  22. Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge • Nobunaga • Daimyo • Use of firearms • Deposes Ashikaga shogun, 1573 • Killed, 1582

  23. Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge • Toyotomo Hideyoshi • Nobunaga's general • 1590, rules Japan • Invades Korea, unsuccessful • Dies, 1598 • Succession struggle

  24. Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge • Tokugawa Ieyasu • Emerges victorious • 1603, appointed shogun • Edo (Tokyo) • Direct rule of Honshu • Restoration of unity • 250-year rule by Tokugawas 

  25. Japan During the Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate

  26. Dealing with the European Challenge • Traders, missionaries to Japan since 1543 • Firearms, clock, presses for Japanese silver, copper, finished goods • Nobunaga protects Jesuits • to counter Buddhist power • Hideyoshi less tolerant • Buddhists now weak

  27. Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation • Foreign influence restricted from 1580s • Christianity • Persecutions by 1590s • Banned, 1614

  28. Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation • Ieyasu • Increased isolation • 1616, merchants restricted • By 1630, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas • By 1640s • Dutch, Chinese visit only at Deshima island • Complete isolation from mid-1600s

  29. Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation • Tokugawa • Neo-Confucian revival • Replaced by National Learning school

  30. Global Connections: An Age of Eurasian Protoglobalization • Summary of the impact of early globalization • Decline of some indigenous commercial centers • Exchange not as striking or destructive as Columbian Exchange • Some plants introduced • Limited impact of European ideas • Asia impacted only on the periphery

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