The Muslim Empires: Rise and Fall

1. 21 The Muslim Empires

2. The Muslim Empires • The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

3. The Muslim Empires

4. The Muslim Empires

5. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders • Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks • Ottomans emerge dominant • Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries • 1453, take Constantinople • Expansion • Middle East, north Africa, Europe • Dominate Mediterranean

6. A State Geared to Warfare • Military dominant • Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility • Janissary infantry • Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

7. The Ottoman, Safavid, andMughal Empires

8. The Sultans and their Court • Use factions against each other • Vizier • Oversees large bureaucracy • Succession • No clear rules

9. Constantinople Restored • Commercial center • Government control of trade, crafts • Artisan guilds • Turkish prevails

10. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

11. The Problem of Ottoman Decline • Strong until late 1600s • Decline • Extended • Infrastructure insufficient • Dependent on conquest • End of conquest brings deficiencies • Regional leaders divert revenue • Sultans less dynamic

12. Military Reverses andthe Ottoman Retreat • Janissaries • Conservative • Stop military, technological reform • Lepanto, 1571 • Defeated by Spain, Venice • Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

13. Military Reverses andthe Ottoman Retreat • Portuguese outflank Middle East trade • Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean • Victories over Muslim navies • Inflation • Caused by New World bullion • Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

14. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • Safavid family • Sufi preachers, mystics • Sail al-Din • Leads revival • 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz • Named shah • Chaldiran, 1514 • Safavids defeated by Ottomans

15. The Safavid Empire

16. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs • Tahmasp I • Becomes shah • Abbas I (1587-­1629) • Height of Ottoman Empire • Persians as bureaucrats

17. State and Religion • Adopt Persian after Chaldiran • Also Persian court traditions • Shi'ism modified • Spreads to entire empire

18. Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque • Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture • Building projects • Mosques in Isfahan

19. Society and Gender Roles:Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons • Commonalities • Warrior aristocracies • Move to rural estates after conquest • Threat to central power • Imperial workshops • Artisans patronized • International trade encouraged • Women lose freedom • Subordinate to fathers, husbands

20. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire • Abbas I • Removes heirs • Weak grandson inherits • Decline begins • Internecine conflict, outside threats • 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis • Nadir Khan Afshar • Shah, 1736

21. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Abbas I • Removes heirs • Weak grandson inherits • Decline begins • Internecine conflict, outside threats • 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis • Nadir Khan Afshar • Shah, 1736

22. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Babur • Driven from Afghanistan • Invades India, 1526 • Turkic • Panipat, 1526 • Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty

23. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India • Babur • Khanua, 1527 • Defeats Hindu confederation • 1530, death • Succeeded by Humayn • Flees to Persia • Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

24. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire • Akbar • Humayn's 13-year-old son • Reconciliation with Hindus • New religion, Din-i-Ilahi • Blend of Islam and Hinduism • Toleration

25. The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

26. Social Reform and Social Change • Women • Position improved • Widows encouraged to remarry • Child marriages discouraged • Sati prohibited • Seclusion undermined by women's market days

27. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts • Death of Akbar • Reforms don't survive • Empire strong • Cotton textiles to Europe • Especially among laboring and middle classes

28. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era • Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century • Continue toleration • Less energetic • Support arts • Taj Mahal

29. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women • Nur Jahan • Wife of Jahangir • Head of powerful faction • Mumtaz Mahal • Wife of Shah Jahan • Also powerful

30. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women • Ordinary women • Position declines • Sati spreads among upper classes • Other of Akbar's reforms die out

31. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline • Aurangzeb • Succeeds Shah Jahan • Programs • Rule all India • Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint • 1707, controls most of India • Expensive, distracting • Other developments disregarded • Revolt • Autonomy of local leaders

32. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline • Aurangzeb • Hindus exluded from high office • Non-Muslims taxed • Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

33. Global Connections: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge Between Civilizations • Comparison with Russian and Chinese growth in the same period • All highly centralized politically • Absolute, hereditary rulers • Dependent on new military technologies • Transmission of scientific knowledge • Artistic influence between Muslim empires