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Jarmo Parkkinen

Roth, Emilie M., Malin, Jane T. and Schreckenghost, Debra, L.: “ Paradigms for Intelligent Interface Design ”, in Helander & al (editors): “ Handbook of Human-computer interaction ”, second edition, Amsterdan 1997. Jarmo Parkkinen. Contents. Definitions for “Intelligent Interfaces”

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Jarmo Parkkinen

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  1. Roth, Emilie M., Malin, Jane T. and Schreckenghost, Debra, L.: “Paradigms for Intelligent Interface Design”, in Helander & al (editors): “Handbook of Human-computer interaction”, second edition, Amsterdan 1997 Jarmo Parkkinen

  2. Contents • Definitions for “Intelligent Interfaces” • Applications and examples • Greek Oracle • Cognitive tool and representational aid • Cooperative systems • Summary (and future work)

  3. Definitions (1/2) • Term “Intelligent Interface” refers to • design of user interfaces for intelligent systems • design of user interfaces that utilize knowledge based approaches • The example categories examined in the paper handle intelligent interfaces as • as cognitive tools • as members of co-operative man-machine systems • as representational aids

  4. Definitions (2/2) • The examples are given “... rather complementary metaphors that provide converging insights” • The definition of “Intelligent Interface design” in the article is paradigmatic one; it is not to be understood per se, but an umbrella term covering wide range of designs

  5. Greek Oracle (1/2) Problem domain • Autonomousproblem-solvingagents • User • gathers data • filters solutions Data User SolutionGathererFilterer Machine Problem-Solver

  6. G(r)eek Oracle (2/2) • Problems • Lack of user acceptance due to user’s filtering-role • Brittleness caused by unanticipated variability • Deskilling caused by the roles; human just filters solutions • Making the human decision poorer due to the belief of “superhuman aid” • Emergent need of co-operative systems and cognitive tools

  7. Cognitive tool (1/2) Problem domain • Machine partcreates newintegrated sourcesof information • Data synthesisfor overcomedata overflow Multiple information sources Intelligent Interface:cognitive tool Information Integrator User

  8. Cognitive tool (2/2) • Succesful examples • better visualization of monitored process • better information handling capabilities • conceptualization aids that enable user to search for and discover patterns in the data • data (disease) profile summaries (in fast and efficient manner) • Problems • when integration is not good, they provide yet another information channel

  9. Representational aids (1/2) Problem domain • Externalrepresentations • Capitalizeadvantages ingraphics andknowledge-basedtechniques in computer-generatedpresentations Intelligent Interface: representational tool Automatic Presentation Design User

  10. Representational aids (2/2) • External presentations aid • Problems structuring • Mentally economic forms of processing • By reducing memory load • By directioning attention • Current research focuses on efficient • identification of relevant data characterics to create presentation and communicative purpose • mapping between data and graphics; information type and media • coordination of media, ie. graphics and text

  11. Cooperative Systems (1/5) Problem domain • Based onmetaphor ofcooperativeteams • Generate • commonground • shared frameof reference Shared external representation Cooperative Tasks IntelligenMachine Agent User

  12. Cooperative Systems (2/5) • Critiquing systems • Team players as • followers • reliable participator • coordinator • communicator

  13. Cooperative Systems (3/5) • Passive and active critics • passive: spelling and grammar check • active: hints and automatic corrections of splelling errors • Systems that have and/or allow user build a database of guiding information. Information is given as • hints of solution and critics to user solutions • influencers: guidance before or during the task • debiasers: alert and suggest a correction if user errs • directors: wizard

  14. Cooperative Systems (4/5) • Team player systems • reduce workload of human participant • automates time-critical tasks • Provide ”catalyzing” information to ”nudge” difficult process forward • Takes handover (from or to human) well • Enables human team members to have shared knowledge of eahc others actions and situation • Is effective communicator, giving only the relevant information and requiring only the most relevant input • Provides interruptions to share context and prevent errors • Sees when information was / was not understood

  15. Cooperative Systems (5/5) • Requirements and critics • Human members must have ability to shut automated system down and to see which parts are shut down • Intelligent software must ”defer” to human • Human must be able to understand the system – many systems perceive human disgreement as failure in understanding, when common ground should be sought • Retrospective dialogues give transparency to the underlying system, but do not suit in time-critical environments • Responsibility is still left to human

  16. Summary • ”Intelligent interface” is a design paradigm of user interfaces for intelligent system and knowledge based solutions • The intelligent interface works as • cognitive tools • representational aids • memeber of cooperative person-machine systems • User must be seen as the central actor • Intelligent interface supports user’s cognitive process

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