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1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJFf_NWq470&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFa8mt3IKC8&feature=fvst

2. The Holocaust

3. The Holocaust • The Holocaust (the Shoah – Hebrew for destruction; in Greek Holocaust means “whole” + “burnt”). • Refers to the murder of 6 Million European Jews in concentration/death camps during WWII (1941-1945). • There were 9 million Jews in Europe pre-WWII (500,000+ lived in Germany).

4. The Holocaust • The word Holocaust was given to the killing of the 6 million Jews because it was a war of extermination designed to wipe out an entire group of people. • Hitler’s “Final Solution” • Systematic, deliberate genocide

5. The Holocaust • What was unique about Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish Problem,” was: • The Nazi’s determination to murder without exception every single Jew who came within grasp. • The fanaticism, ingenuity, and cruelty with which they pursued their goal.

6. The Meaning of Genocide • What does genocide mean? • Genocide isthe deliberate and systematic murder/extermination of an entire racial, ethnic, religious, cultural or national group.

7. Non-Jewish Victims • There were also many non-Jews in concentration / death camps: • Soviet POWs • Soviet and Polish civilians • Gypsies (Roma + Sinti) • The mentally and physically ill (the disabled; the elderly) • Political enemies (communist/socialist) • Religious opponents to the Nazi party (Jehovah's Witnesses) • Anyone who was homosexual

8. Non-Jewish Victims • For a total of approximately 17 millionpeople killed by the Nazis. • There were 60 million World War II deaths.

9. Holocaust Chronology, 1933 • Jan 30, 1933 • Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany, a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000. • March 22, 1933 • Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.

11. Holocaust Chronology, 1933 • April 1, 1933 • Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. • April 11, 1933 • Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith“ = pre-curser to Nuremburg Laws.

12. A Jewish man wearing the yellow star (Star of David) walks along a street in Germany.

15. Holocaust Chronology, 1933 • July 14, 1933 • Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; the Nazis pass a law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship.

16. Holocaust Chronology, 1933 • July 1933 • Nazis pass law allowing for the forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects. • Eugenics = belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.

17. Holocaust Chronology, 1933-1935 • Nov 24, 1933 • Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps. • Sept 15, 1935 • Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.

18. Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 • Deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. • The laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or have sexual relations with Aryans. • The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of causing confusion and heated debate over who was a "full Jew."

19. Nuremberg Race Laws: Jew? • The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish grandparents. • Those with less were designated as Mischlinge. • After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were issued that eventually outlawed the Jews completely, depriving them of their rights as human beings.

20. The white figures represent Aryans The black figures represent Jews The shaded figures represent Mischlinge.

22. Holocaust Chronology, 1938-1939 • July 23, 1938 - Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police; to be shown on demand to any police officer. • May 1939 - The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries (including Canada) and returns to Europe. • Sept 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3.35 million, the largest in Europe).

23. Holocaust Chronology, 1939-1942 • Oct 1939- Nazis begin sterilization, euthanasia (murder) of the sick, disabled, and mentally ill in Germany - later of any person deemed inferior. • Doctors were elevated in Nazi party - hand chosen by Hitler. • Doctors healed, killed and performed experimentation in death facilities (gassed + burnt corpses; 70,000 mentally ill persons were killed).

24. Holocaust Chronology, 1939-1942 • Gas vans and X-ray vans created so doctors could inspect people for “tuberculosis” - really were designed to kill; the bodies were dumped bodies into mass graves.

25. Holocaust Chronology, 1939-1942 • Build stationary gas chambers (Belzen) and doctors discovered a new method = insecticide/cyanide – Zyklon B (Auschwitz). • Became the foremost tool of extermination (took 15-20 minutes to die) – doctors kept up medical rouse. • Zyklon B manufactured by IG Farben = Bayer.

26. Holocaust Chronology, 1939-1942 • March 7, 1941 - German Jews ordered into forced labor camps. • Oct 5, 1942 - Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.

27. Holocaust Chronology, 1942 • January 20, 1942 – The “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” is enacted in the Wannsee Conference. • Senior officials of the Nazi German regime met in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. • Ordered all Jews in Europe to be annihilated.

28. The Ideas: Beautify the World Through Violence • Beautify and purify = cleanliness in art, life, workplace, humans, etc. • Strive for a common goal = kill to make way for a new culture. • Metaphor: Jews were the microbe that infected society; were the rats, lice, vermin, pests, a cancer spreading throughout the world = had to be eliminated – non-human.

31. Ghettos and Camps • Recently researchers have cataloged some 42,500 Nazi ghettos and camps throughout Europe, spanning German-controlled areas from France to Russia and Germany itself, during Hitler’s reign of brutality from 1933 to 1945. • When the research began in 2000, it was expected that perhaps 7,000 Nazi camps and ghettos existed, based on postwar estimates.

32. The Warsaw Ghetto • One of the most famous photos taken during the Holocaust shows Jewish families arrested by Nazis during the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, and sent to be gassed at Treblinka extermination camp.

35. Mobile Killing Units • Einsatzgruppen (aka Death Sqauds) = action group, aka “death squads”. • Formed officially in 1939. • Systematically murdered 1,500,000 people across Eastern Europe = predecessors of the Concentration/Death Camps.

36. Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, Ukraine. Here the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September of 1941.

37. A mass grave in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

42. Documented Camps • The documented camps include not only “killing centers” but also thousands of forced labor camps, where prisoners manufactured war supplies; prisoner-of-war camps; sites euphemistically named “care” centers, where pregnant women were forced to have abortions or their babies were killed after birth; and brothels, where women were coerced into having sex with German military personnel.

43. The Numbers Astound • 30,000 slave labor camps • 1,150 Jewish ghettos • 980 concentration camps • 1,000 prisoner-of-war camps • 500 brothels filled with sex slaves • 1,000s of other camps = euthanizing the elderly and infirm, performing forced abortions, “Germanizing” prisoners or transporting victims to killing centers

44. Urban Examples • In Berlin alone, researchers have documented some 3,000 camps and so-called Jew houses, while Hamburg held 1,300 sites.

45. Women’s Camp

48. A view of Majdanek, which served as a concentration camp and also as a killing center for Jews. Killing Centres

49. At Belzec death camp, SS Guards stand in formation outside the kommandant's house.