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THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION

THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION. CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1. IMPORTANT TERMS. RICHARD M. NIXON NEW FEDERALISM REVENUE SHARING FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN SOUTHERN STRATEGY STAGFLATION O.P.E.C. REALPOLITIK DÉTENTE S.A.L.T. I TREATY. IMPORTANT DATES. 1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT 1969:

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THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION

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  1. THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1

  2. IMPORTANT TERMS • RICHARD M. NIXON • NEW FEDERALISM • REVENUE SHARING • FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN • SOUTHERN STRATEGY • STAGFLATION • O.P.E.C. • REALPOLITIK • DÉTENTE • S.A.L.T. I TREATY

  3. IMPORTANT DATES • 1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT • 1969: • FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN CONGRESS • JULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING • 1971: SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD OF EDUCATION • 1972: • NIXON VISITS CHINA • NIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATY • 1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR • 1973-74: OPEC OIL EMBARGO

  4. NIXON ENTERS THE PRESIDENCY • WHEN? 1968 • WHY? • LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN • VIETNAM • FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY • DISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATS • GOALS: • DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE FEDERAL GOV’T. • VIETNAMIZATION • IMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMY • IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST WORLD

  5. RICHARD M. NIXON

  6. CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT • DEMOCRATS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T (DEFINE) • REPUBLICANS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR “SMALL” GOV’T. • NIXON: • WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T. • ALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFE • HOW? • NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT) • Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT) • WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE) • Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE) • PROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESS • OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL PARTIES • EXECUTIVE: REPUBLICAN • CONGRESS: DEMOCRAT • SO WHAT?

  7. POSITIVE CHANGES • NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME SUCCESSES: • SOCIAL SECURITY INCREASED • MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE EASILY AVAILABLE • FOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE • SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER INCOME FAMILIES • U.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDED

  8. VIETNAMIZATION • DEFINE • WHY? • HOW? • BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE (PARIS) • GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & WITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAM • LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP TRANSITION • CONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAM • WHEN? 1968-72 • RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT TROOPS LEAVE V-NAM

  9. REALPOLITIK • DEFINE: • DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE WAY • MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR: • HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION? • IF WEAK, IGNORE IT. • IF POWERFUL, CONFRONT IT • CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN NEGOTIATION AND/OR MILITARY ENGAGEMENT • EX.: • COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND NEGOTIATE WITH THEM • USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE W/THEM • WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A. • RESULT? DÉTENTE • DEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS

  10. NIXON & HENRY KISSINGER

  11. RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD • NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN RED CHINA • NIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD • HOW? • VIETNAMIZATION • IMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINA • WHY? • IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN USSR • AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S. • DID WHAT? • 1972: • NIXON VISITS CHINA • U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T. • NIXON VISITS USSR • S.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNED • SO WHAT? • NIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINA • DOMINO THEORY IS OVER • CONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONE

  12. NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972

  13. NIXON & MAO ZEDONG

  14. OTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRS • OIL DEPENDENCY: • LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED OIL FOR ENERGY NEEDS • WHERE? MIDDLE EAST • WHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONS • EXAMPLES? • SAUDI ARABIA • IRAN • IRAQ • PROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR • WHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIA • WHAT HAPPENS? • U.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAEL • ISRAEL WINS • OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S. • OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S. • U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES MORE SERIOUSLY

  15. ISRAEL & THE MIDDLE EAST, 1973

  16. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR, 1973

  17. Egyptian Troop Crossing, Suez Canal

  18. Israeli Tank Convoy, Golan Heights

  19. Golan Heights, 1973

  20. Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan

  21. O.P.E.C. NATIONS

  22. NIXON’S POLITICAL STYLE • NIXON: • VERY CONSERVATIVE • BELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICS • COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE LATE 60’s • HOW? • USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH • SOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLY • EXAMPLES? • WIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPS • USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING ORGANIZATIONS • CIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTS • ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST” • “ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL DESTROY” -Nixon White House Aid • PROBLEM?

  23. 1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN • SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC PARTY • WHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTY • NIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS • BEGINS “SOUTHERN STRATEGY” • DEFINE: • ATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTS • EX.: • ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC. • OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65 • OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN SWANN V. CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATION • WHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSING • SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE CONSERVATIVE • HOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGES • EXAMPLES? • WARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICE • WILLIAM REHNQUIST

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