TITLE.

2. TITLE. AN ASSESMENT OF FRESH WATER CHEMICAL POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ORGANISM. (Case Study of Whona River-KILIMANJARO REGION-MOSHI RURAL) PRAPARED BY:BARAKA DONACIAN

3. INTRODUCTION GENERAL OVER VIEW Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet over 70% of earth surface comprises with it.  Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.  Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate, in addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes.  In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.( Larry,2006).

4. CONT.. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants that live in these water bodies.. In Tanzania the major type of water pollution related to human activities can be classified as caused by urbanization, industrialization, mining activities, the use of chemicals and oil spills. (Moss, 1980) More organic matter is discharged into water courses than any other pollutant. These organic matters contain a wide range of carbon compound for example benzene (C6H6). The primary source of this is domestic sewage, industrial effluent such as turneries and paper mill are also significance source (UNEP, 1991).

5. Cont…………….. • Pullin (2002) indicated that, toxic waste products, such as heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds, are most conveniently and cheaply dumped into nearly rivers causing severe pollution in many industrial areas. • Damm (2002) argued that, apart from being toxic most synthetic compounds are not biodegradable thus remain in the natural environment for long time. Some pollutants and toxins kills living organisms outright, other sub-lethal pollutants and toxin may cause long-term biological damage and interfere with organism reproductive cycle or make them more vulnerable to decease. Aquatic organisms, which are affected by pollution, are fish, algae bloom, snails, frogs and worms.

6. PROBLEM STATEMENT and JUSTIFICATION Whona River plays a great role in the hydrology of northern Tanzania. The Pangani river basin, one of the major river basins in Tanzania depends largely on the water that flows from the rivers and streams originated from mount Kilimanjaro especially Whona River Michele (2005) argued that increasingly land and forest degradation, water withdrawals, dams and fresh water pollution threaten Africa and Northern Tanzania distinctive fresh water systems. Human population growth points towards an intensive increase of threats in the future. Projections shows the population of Africa is tripling over the period of 1995 to 2050, from 0.7 billion people in 1995 to 2.0 billion in 2050. As inhabitants of the poorest continent in the world. (United Nations Population Divisions 2001).Many Africans are heavily reliants on natural resources including freshwater. (Economic Commissions for Africa, 2001).

7. Cont…………………… River Whona is increasingly polluted due to massive anthropogenic activities such agriculture activities which are daily practiced in river banks, and highly due to growth of Himo Town in which there is number of industries which automatically led to chemical pollution into river Whona. However no systematic and quantitative scientific study on the effects of chemical pollution that has been conducted in Whona River in relation to the residential and industrial effluents. Such a study is important to understand the magnitude and effects of pollution to aquatic organisms. The results will be used as a source of information that will help in making appropriate decisions on what polluters will be expected to do, as well as informing wildlife managers, environmentalists and policy makers, the effects of chemical pollution on aquatic organism at Whona River.

8. GENERAL RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The overall objective of the study is to assess fresh water chemical pollution at Whona River and the possible effects to aquatic organisms.

9. Specific Objectives To determine the water quality and chemical contents which are harmful to aquatic organisms. To determine the effects of chemical pollution to aquatic organism To compare species richness among the sample sites Compare the water quality upstream before the river passes through human settlement and agricultural activities and before the small town known as Himo and down stream after it, in order to ascertain the pollution attributed to upstream areas and that attributed to Himo town.

10. REARCH HYPOTHESIS • Ho: There is no significant different between measures of chemical contents in both sampling site compare to National standards. • HA: There is significant different between measures of chemical contents in both sampling site compare to National standards. • Ho: There is no significant different in species richness among the sampled sites i.e. Upstream, middle stream and downstream. • HA: There is significant different in species richness in sampled sites i.e. Upstream, middle stream and downstream.

11. LITERATURE REVIEW Humankind has been polluting water since the early days of civilization. This is because we have always been attracted to live by river environment where a continuous supply of water for drinking and farming activities, such as irrigation and watering animals, is available. Krantz (1997) on his research on surface fresh water pollution he argued that many causes of river pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.  In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic, organisms plants and algae.  Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper water waters.This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability of fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.

12. Cont……………… Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash off plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains.  Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter.  When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respiration becomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated (http://environment.about.com).

13. METHODOLOGY Description of the Study Area Whona river is situated on the south-east slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Northern Tanzania (3 4’ S latitude and 37 22’ E Longitude) (figure 1).Most rivers from Kilimanjaro including Whona drain water into Indian Ocean mainly through Pangani river. The river provides breeding habitats and vital water for large numbers of aquatic organisms and other animal species respectively which are associated with the freshwater environment. The area is dominated by Chagga tribes which are mostly Agro pastoralists and business men. The area has bimodal rainfall with the highest rainfall between mid March and early May, and slightly less between the beginning of December. Temperature varies considerably with height and time of the day. Also temperature varies with altitude; at middle elevation temperature is moderate such that the variation in mean monthly temperature is between 22-26°C between the altitudes of 600m and 1050m (Misana, 1991). The vegetation of Mount Kilimanjaro area is primarily influenced by rainfall, temperature, and soils.

14. Whona River Figure 1; The Map of Kilimanjaro indicating Whona River

15. MATERIAL USED. Materials required for the successful completion of the study includes: • Calibrated electronic (pH meter and Conductivity meter) for physical parameters measurements • Special bottles for collecting species of invertebrates • GPS (Geographical Position Systems) for recording selected/sampled points and for direction • Preservative (95 ethanol and concentration HNO3) • The use of laboratory equipments especially microscope for identifying micro organisms found in the sampled water • Field guide books of invertebrates • Notebooks and pens for data recording

16. SITE SELECTION Prior to field sampling the study area will be visited to determine the sampling stations/sites. The river The sampling sites will be located within and along the river form upstream before it passes human settlements at the middle and down stream after leaving human settlements. Locating of sampling sites within the same eco-region or area minimizes the natural variability in physical and chemical characteristics within the water body, that’s why in this research the sampling sites are divided into three different parts so as to give detailed and informative data for critical judgment and evaluation

17. CONT……………. To discount for pollution from upstream to down stream, there will be three points selected for sampling and other data collection procedures. The first site will be the upstream where the river is not or less polluted; the second sample site will be at the middle stage of the river and the third point will be the down stream mainly after location of industrial and residential sewage. Then from the three sampling areas, two other important sites will be located within the sampled area as intake point. Each sampling site will be clearly described in terms of water contents found, macro-invertebrates composition and fixed by GPS coordinates

18. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION • Data collection • In order to accommodate variations sampling will be carried twice in each of the three sites selected as explained above and in two different time session so as to overcome biasness. In choosing sampled area systematic sampling will take place as it has been clearly stated in site selection above but within the sampled sites the two samples will be random selected

19. DATA COLL CONT………….. Physical and Chemical Parameter • Samples for physio-chemical analysis will be collected and processed in laboratory and some will be measured in the field with the help of Calibrated Electronic Meters. • However it is not possible to measure all physical and chemical parameters of water but the most important parameter will be considered together with sampling for macro invertebrates. pH • A pH meter fitted with a probe will be used to measure the pH of water at each site in the field. Dissolved Oxygen • Dissolved oxygen will be measured in the laboratory by using electronic oxygen meter with an inbuilt temperature compensation mechanism. This is more nicely once it is measured in the field but it will depend on the availability of equipments

20. CONT………….. Conductivity • Conductivity will be measured in the laboratory with the help of electronic conductivity meter. Phosphorus – Phosphate • Phosphorus is the most important component for eutrofication of shallow water bodies. This chemical parameter will be determined in the laboratory with the help of Laboratory Technician (Chemist) and the most instrument used is application of Dr. Lange field kit and most probably spectrometer. Ammonium – Nitrogen – Nitrate • High concentrations of nitrates in drinking water due to composition of ammonium compounds may cause infantile methaemoglobiaemia for young babies. Moreover it causes some hindrances for some invertebrates to exist. Samples from each site would therefore be analysed for concentrations of these chemical components by Laboratory

21. Macro Invertebrates Sampling • The study will employ a combination of the multiple – habitat with `visual` sampling from large and medium rocks and logs depending on the nature of the area and decision which will be done on site. • Visual collections are very important for a complete census of the macroinvertebrates community, Lenat and Barbour (1975) in loeb and Specie (1994) stated that simple disturbance samplers ( as the one used in multiple – habitat ) sampling may entirely miss some of the dominant taxa that are attached to stones or logs. Samples from each microhabitat • would be well labelled for identification. To prevent degeneration, samples will be preserved in ethanol (sample for macroinvertebartes ).

22. CONT……………. • Identification of macroinvertebrates up to specie level will be conducted on site using identification manual for aquatic invertebrates and in case of hardships in identifying a sample will be taken to laboratory for further identification. • With the help of Barbour et al(1999) the following are reasons on why the assessment will based on macroinvertebrates and not other animal species or organisms

23. CONT………….. • Macroinvertebrates have limited migration patterns or as a sessile mode of life which permits easy detection of localised habitat degradation. • Their assemblage provide useful information on cumulative effects as they consist of different trophic levels and pollution tolerance ranges. • Their life span is comparatively long to provide of environmental quality over a long period. • They are relatively easy to identify and sampling is easy as it requires few people, inexpensive gear and has minimal detrimental effect on the resident biota • They are abundant in water bodies that might be inhabitable by other organisms thus making assessment possible in almost any water body. • They act as indicator species so its easy to know the trend of chemical pollution viewing their presence or absence in a sampled area.

24. Data Analysis Since most of the water quality data sets do not meet the requirements for using parametric analysis methods, Chapman (1996) recommended non – parametric method as being more powerful to use because: They require no assumption about the pollution distribution ( normality ) Results are resistant to distortion by outliers and missing data Some can be effective with small samples However in this study both parametric and non – parametric method will be applied where appropriate. Therefore in this, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used for analysis of the collected data and the results which will be obtained from the laboratory after checking and testing the taken samples. Qualitative method will include descriptive statistics such as histograms, tabulations, and pie chart.

25. Also Shanon wigner index will be applied as there are data having species rishness and abundance.To easy the analysis and data presentation, scientifically excel sheet will be used for basic calculations and graphical presentation of macroinvertebrates data

26. STATISTICAL TEST. • ANOVA will be used in testing the Hypothesis. ANOVA is the recommended Testing technique for more than two groups of data (Salkind, 2000). The assumption of this technique is that the samples are from normally distributed and equal variance population (Ibid)

27. BUDGET DURING DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

28. WORK PLAN

29. REFERENCES. Dam, Larry (March 26, 2006)."World Water Day: A Billion People Worldwide Lack Safe Drinking Water". Finlayson, M. and Moser, M. (1991)Wetlands, International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, facts on file Ltd, Collins street. Hynes H.B.N, (2003)Fish and River Pollution. IUCN, (2003), World Conservation Moving Water. Kevin T.Pickering and Lewis A. Owen (1995) An introduction to global environmental issues. Michele L.Thieme, Robin Abell, and Melanie L. J.Stiassny.(2005)Fresh water Ecorigious of Africa and Madagascar (A conservation Assessments) Oisland Press (2005). Moss B, (1980), Ecology of fresh Waters, Reader in environmental science, University of East Anglia Norwich

30. CONT……. Pullin, S. A. (2002). Conservation Biology. Cambridge University press Robert Repetto (1984) The Global Possible Resources, Development and the New Century, Yale University Press. UNEP, (1991), Fresh water pollution, United Nations environment program (UNEP) /global environment monitoring system (GEMS) Environment Library number 6, Nairobi. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. "The National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress for the 2002 Reporting Cycle – A Profile." October 2007. Fact Sheet No. EPA 841-F-07-003. Terry, LA  Water Pollution  ENVIRON. LAW PRACT. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 1996 Theodore D.Goldfarb (1997),Clashing views on controversial environmental issues. http://environment.about.com/od/environmentalevents/a/waterdayqa.htm http://www.webspawner.com

31. THANKS THANKS